U1 LEC: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TAXONOMY

Question 1

Microbiology

Answer 1

Systematic study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

Question 2

Microbiology involves the study of:

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Parasites
• Fungi

Question 3

Bacteria

Answer 3

Prokaryotes, Non-fastidious and fastidious

Question 4

This refers to bacteria with no special requirements.

Answer 4

Non-fastidious

Question 5

This refers to bacteria with special requirements or conditions.

Answer 5

Fastidious

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

Bacteriophages, Virophages

Question 7

They are either DNA or RNA.

Answer 7

Virus

Question 8

T/F: Viruses can never be both DNA and RNA organisms.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F: Viruses are not classified as living nor dead.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Viruses require what to replicate?

Answer 10

Host

Question 11

This has no active biochemical processes, and is found outside or not attached to the cell.

Answer 11

Virion

Question 12

Where and how does the virion activate its biochemical processes?

Answer 12

Inside the cell, production of viral proteins

Question 13

Parasites

Answer 13

Protozoans, Metazoans

Question 14

Unicellular parasite

Answer 14

Protozoan

Question 15

Multicellular parasite

Answer 15

Metazoan

Question 16

Fungi

Answer 16

Biofilms

Question 17

This is an emerging trend of study for the last 10 years.

Answer 17

Biofilms

Question 18

Arrange the order of what a biofilm-producing bacteria produces

I. Slime layer
II. Single layer
III. Community

Answer 18

II, I, III

Question 19

This refers to thickening of the colonies or added protection for bacteria. This layer may accumulate organic and inorganic debris, trap bacteria, parasites, etc.

Answer 19

Slime layer

Question 20

Biofilms are problematic in the administration of ______ due to lack of penetrating power.

Answer 20

Antimicrobials

Question 21

Example of biofilm-producing bacteria

Answer 21

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida spp.

Question 22

Why do we study microbes?

Answer 22

• Etiologic agent
• Pathologic outcomes
• Interventions
• Antimicrobials
• Industrial outcomes

Question 23

Etiologic agent refers to?

Answer 23

Origin of disease or causative agent

Question 24

Pathologic outcomes refer to?

Answer 24

manifestations of symptoms in different organ systems

Question 25

Interventions refer to?

Answer 25

action applied

Question 26

Antimicrobials refer to?

Answer 26

antibiotics

Question 27

Industrial outcomes refer to?

Answer 27

How it translates to industry

Question 28

Bacteria used in the industry and for what?

Answer 28

Escherichia coli for insulin (undergoes sterilization)

Question 29

1st antimicrobial

Answer 29

Penicillin (from Penicillum)

Question 30

T/F: Some antimicrobials are isolated from the genera of bacteria.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Girolamo Fracastoro

Answer 31

suggested that disease is caused by "invisible living creatures"

Question 32

He suggested that disease is caused by "invisible living creatures"

Answer 32

Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 33

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 33

Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology, observe microorganisms and describe them as "animalcules"

Question 34

Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology

Answer 34

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 35

How did Anton van Leeuwenhoek describe microorganisms?

Answer 35

animalcules

Question 36

Louis Pasteur

Answer 36

- Father of Modern Microbiology - Pasteurization - Disproved Spontaneous Generation - Proponent of Biogenesis - Creation of Attenuated Vaccines - Fermentation

Question 37

Microscopic talks about?

Answer 37

Shape

Question 38

Circle shaped

Answer 38

Cocci

Question 39

Rod shaped

Answer 39

Bacillus

Question 40

Spiral shaped

Answer 40

Spirulum

Question 41

Chains

Answer 41

Strep

Question 42

Cluster

Answer 42

Staphy

Question 43

T/F: Bacteria has no color.

Answer 43

True It adapts the color of the stain.

Question 44

This refers to when the bacteria took color from media.

Answer 44

Colony color

Question 45

This refers to the natural pigmentation or color.

Answer 45

Colony pigment

Question 46

Under fermentation are?

Answer 46

- Bacterial replication - Antimicrobial control - Host microorganism interaction

Question 47

Joseph Lister

Answer 47

developed antiseptic system of surgery

Question 48

He developed antiseptic system of surgery.

Answer 48

Joseph Lister

Question 49

Importance of Antiseptic technique

Answer 49

- to not contaminate the environment - clean, sterilized equipment

Question 50

Two kinds of contaminants

Answer 50

- Environmental - Commensals/natural flora (arrest overgrowth of pathogenic)

Question 51

T/F: Commensals do not cause infections.

Answer 51

False Can cause infections due to overdose once immune system is weakened

Question 52

Robert Koch

Answer 52

- Koch's Postulates - Discovery of Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Culture of bacteria using media such as Agar and Petri Dish

Question 53

What did Robert Koch discover?

Answer 53

Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 54

1st Koch Postulate

Answer 54

Microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease

Question 55

2nd Koch Postulate

Answer 55

Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture

Question 56

3rd Koch Postulate

Answer 56

The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must reproduce the disease4

Question 57

4th Koch Postulate

Answer 57

Microorganism must be recovered in diseased animal

Question 58

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 58

discovered Salvarsan (syphilis treatment)

Question 59

Alexander Fleming

Answer 59

discovered Penicillin

Question 60

Area of science that deals with the study of 3 distinct but interrelated disciplines (classification, nomenclature, identification)

Answer 60

Taxonomy

Question 61

Polyphasic Taxonomy is based on:

Answer 61

- Genotypic charac - Phenotypic charac - Phylogenetic (Evolutionary Relationships)

Question 62

Genotypic characteristics

Answer 62

DNA, RNA, Plasmids

Question 63

This carries the genetic material for antimicrobial resistance.

Answer 63

Plasmids

Question 64

Phenotypic characteristics

Answer 64

macroscopic, byproducts, proteins, waste products

Question 65

Phylogenetic characteristics

Answer 65

groupings

Question 66

MALDI-TOF MS stands for?

Answer 66

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Question 67

T/F: Before using MALDI-TOF MS, you must have a record in the database through traditional culture.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 68

- Father of Taxonomy - Binomial classification

Question 69

Robert Whittaker's Basis

Answer 69

Cellular Organism and Nutritional Pattern

Question 70

Robert Whittaker's Kingdom System

Answer 70

- Monera/Prokaryotae - Fungi - Protistae - Animalia - Plantae

Question 71

Carl Woese's Basis

Answer 71

Cellular Organization and FunctionC

Question 72

Carl Woese's Domain System

Answer 72

- Bacteria - Eukaria - Archaea

Question 73

Hierarchial classification (Dear King Phillip Came Over For The Good Soup)

Answer 73

- Domain - Kingdom - Phylum/Division - Class - Order - Family - Tribe - Genus - Species - Subspecies

Question 74

This is composed of similar divisions.

Answer 74

Kingdom

Question 75

These have a common attribute.

Answer 75

Family

Question 76

Other name for Species

Answer 76

Epithet

Question 77

This is the most basic taxonomic group.

Answer 77

Species

Question 78

This refers to organism population that is differentiated from populations within species.

Answer 78

Strains

Question 79

This refers to variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences.

Answer 79

Biovars

Question 80

This refers to variation in serological reactions, strains with distinctive antigenic properties.

Answer 80

Serovars

Question 81

Antigenic properties refer to?

Answer 81

cell surface markers, whether living or non-living

Question 82

Family ends in

Answer 82

-aceae

Question 83

Order ends in

Answer 83

-ales

Question 84

Tribe ends in

Answer 84

-eae

Question 85

T/F: In transferring a species from one genus to another, the species is retained.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

ATCC stands for?

Answer 86

American Type Culture Collection

Question 87

NCTC stands for?

Answer 87

National Collection of Type Cultures

Question 88

T/F: ATCC is more common than NCTC.

Answer 88

True