Uni Week 1 Workshop and Case Flashcards
(32 cards)
Which genes are primarily associated with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?
A) PKHD1
B) PKD1 or PKD2
C) CFTR
D) SCN5A
Correct Answer: B) PKD1 or PKD2.
[cite_start]Explanation: ADPKD is caused by mutations in PKD1 (85%) or PKD2 (15%) genes[cite: 28].
A patient with ADPKD presents with severe right-sided abdominal pain. Which renal manifestation is a common clinical feature of ADPKD?
A) Glomerulonephritis
B) Nephrolithiasis
C) Renal artery stenosis
D) Renal agenesis
Correct Answer: B) Nephrolithiasis.
[cite_start]Explanation: Renal manifestations of ADPKD include flank/abdominal pain, hematuria, hypertension, nephrolithiasis, UTIs, and renal failure[cite: 30].
What is a characteristic gross morphological feature of kidneys in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?
A) Small, atrophic kidneys
B) Bilaterally enlarged kidneys with numerous cysts of varying sizes
C) Smooth kidneys with radially arranged cysts
D) Unilateral renal hypertrophy
Correct Answer: B) Bilaterally enlarged kidneys with numerous cysts of varying sizes.
[cite_start]Explanation: Grossly, ADPKD presents as bilaterally enlarged kidneys with numerous cysts of varying sizes[cite: 32].
Which medication is specifically used to slow the progression of rapidly progressive ADPKD?
A) Lisinopril
B) Tolvaptan
C) Furosemide
D) Metoprolol
Correct Answer: B) Tolvaptan.
[cite_start]Explanation: Tolvaptan, a V2 receptor antagonist, is used to slow the progression of rapidly progressive ADPKD[cite: 34].
What is a key difference in the onset of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) compared to Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)?
A) ADPKD onset is typically in infancy, while ARPKD is in adulthood.
B) ADPKD onset is in adulthood (3rd–4th decade), while ARPKD is in infancy or in utero.
C) Both ADPKD and ARPKD have onset in adulthood.
D) Both ADPKD and ARPKD have onset in infancy.
Correct Answer: B) ADPKD onset is in adulthood (3rd–4th decade), while ARPKD is in infancy or in utero.
[cite_start]Explanation: ADPKD typically has an onset in adulthood (3rd–4th decade), whereas ARPKD manifests in infancy or in utero[cite: 36].
During embryologic kidney development, which structure forms the definitive kidney and appears from week 5 onward in the sacral region?
A) Pronephros
B) Mesonephros
C) Metanephros
D) Ureteric bud
Correct Answer: C) Metanephros.
[cite_start]Explanation: The metanephros is the definitive kidney and forms from the ureteric bud + metanephric blastema from week 5 onward in the sacral region[cite: 38].
What is the primary mechanism leading to the formation of a horseshoe kidney?
A) Incomplete fusion of the ureteric bud during ascent.
B) Fusion of the metanephric blastema, forming an isthmus that halts ascent.
C) Abnormal rotation of the kidneys in the pelvis.
D) Failure of pronephros to regress.
Correct Answer: B) Fusion of the metanephric blastema, forming an isthmus that halts ascent.
[cite_start]Explanation: Horseshoe kidney forms due to the fusion of the metanephric blastema, leading to an isthmus that gets trapped under the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), halting ascent[cite: 40].
Which evaluation modality is typically considered first-line for detecting fusion, hydronephrosis, or stones in a patient with suspected horseshoe kidney?
A) CT/MRI Urogram
B) Urinalysis & Culture
C) Ultrasound (USG)
D) Radionuclide Scan
Correct Answer: C) Ultrasound (USG).
[cite_start]Explanation: Ultrasound (USG) is the first-line modality for evaluating horseshoe kidney, detecting fusion, hydronephrosis, and stones[cite: 42].
Which of the following is a common complication of horseshoe kidney affecting the urinary tract?
A) Renal cell carcinoma
B) Renovascular hypertension
C) Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
D) Associated cardiac anomalies
Correct Answer: C) Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
[cite_start]Explanation: Recurrent UTIs, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and obstruction (UPJ) are common urinary tract complications of horseshoe kidney[cite: 44].
Which of the following blood vessels are shown in the images on Page 1 & 2 of the document?
A) Hepatic artery and Portal vein
B) Renal arteries and Renal veins
C) Superior mesenteric artery and Inferior mesenteric artery
D) Iliac arteries and Femoral veins
Correct Answer: B) Renal arteries and Renal veins.
Explanation: The blood vessels shown in the images on Page 1 & 2 are the Renal arteries, Renal veins, Abdominal aorta, and Inferior vena cava.
In a transverse section at the L1 level, besides the kidneys, which of the following structures is visible and listed as a surrounding structure?
A) Adrenal glands
B) Pancreas
C) Gallbladder
D) Appendix
Correct Answer: B) Pancreas.
Explanation: Surrounding structures visible in the image at L1 level include the Liver, Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Large intestine (transverse colon likely), Small intestine, Psoas major muscle, Quadratus lumborum muscle, Erector spinae muscles, and Vertebral body (L1).
What is the outer region of the kidney, located just beneath the capsule, containing renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Medulla
C) Cortex
D) Minor calyx
Correct Answer: C) Cortex.
Explanation: The Cortex is defined as the outer region of the kidney, located just beneath the capsule, containing renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.
Which of the following components is the innermost layer of the glomerular filtration barrier, characterized by numerous pores (fenestrations)?
A) Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
B) Foot processes of podocytes
C) Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
D) Slit diaphragms
Correct Answer: C) Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries.
Explanation: The Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is the innermost layer of the glomerular filtration barrier, with endothelial cells having numerous pores that allow water and small solutes to pass.
Which type of renal agenesis is generally associated with a good prognosis, where the single kidney compensates, allowing individuals to live normal lives?
A) Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA)
B) Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA)
C) Segmental Renal Agenesis
D) Partial Renal Agenesis
Correct Answer: B) Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA).
Explanation: Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA) generally has a good prognosis, as the single kidney compensates, and individuals can live normal lives.
What is the primary cause of death in cases of Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA)?
A) Cardiac defects
B) Gastrointestinal defects
C) Pulmonary hypoplasia
D) Renal failure immediately after birth
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary hypoplasia.
Explanation: The primary cause of death in Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA) is pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs) due to a lack of amniotic fluid.
What are the morphological features of Medullary sponge kidney?
A) Enlarged kidneys with scattered large cysts in the cortex.
B) Tiny, fluid-filled sacs (cysts) forming in the tubules within the medulla, creating a spongelike appearance.
C) Small, shrunken kidneys with fibrotic changes.
D) Kidneys with a ‘fish mouth’ appearance of the renal pelvis.
“Correct Answer: B) Tiny, fluid-filled sacs (cysts) forming in the tubules within the medulla, creating a spongelike appearance.
Explanation: In medullary sponge kidney, tiny, fluid-filled sacs called cysts form in the tubules within the medulla—the
Which of the following blood vessels are shown in the images on Page 1 & 2 of the document?
A) Hepatic artery and Portal vein
B) Renal arteries and Renal veins
C) Superior mesenteric artery and Inferior mesenteric artery
D) Iliac arteries and Femoral veins
Correct Answer: B) Renal arteries and Renal veins.
Explanation: The blood vessels shown in the images on Page 1 & 2 are the Renal arteries, Renal veins, Abdominal aorta, and Inferior vena cava.
In a transverse section at the L1 level, besides the kidneys, which of the following structures is visible and listed as a surrounding structure?
A) Adrenal glands
B) Pancreas
C) Gallbladder
D) Appendix
Correct Answer: B) Pancreas.
Explanation: Surrounding structures visible in the image at L1 level include the Liver, Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Large intestine (transverse colon likely), Small intestine, Psoas major muscle, Quadratus lumborum muscle, Erector spinae muscles, and Vertebral body (L1).
What is the outer region of the kidney, located just beneath the capsule, containing renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Medulla
C) Cortex
D) Minor calyx
Correct Answer: C) Cortex.
Explanation: The Cortex is defined as the outer region of the kidney, located just beneath the capsule, containing renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.
Which of the following components is the innermost layer of the glomerular filtration barrier, characterized by numerous pores (fenestrations)?
A) Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
B) Foot processes of podocytes
C) Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
D) Slit diaphragms
Correct Answer: C) Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries.
Explanation: The Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is the innermost layer of the glomerular filtration barrier, with endothelial cells having numerous pores that allow water and small solutes to pass.
Which type of renal agenesis is generally associated with a good prognosis, where the single kidney compensates, allowing individuals to live normal lives?
A) Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA)
B) Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA)
C) Segmental Renal Agenesis
D) Partial Renal Agenesis
Correct Answer: B) Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA).
Explanation: Unilateral Renal Agenesis (URA) generally has a good prognosis, as the single kidney compensates, and individuals can live normal lives.
What is the primary cause of death in cases of Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA)?
A) Cardiac defects
B) Gastrointestinal defects
C) Pulmonary hypoplasia
D) Renal failure immediately after birth
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary hypoplasia.
Explanation: The primary cause of death in Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA) is pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs) due to a lack of amniotic fluid.
What are the morphological features of Medullary sponge kidney?
A) Enlarged kidneys with scattered large cysts in the cortex.
B) Tiny, fluid-filled sacs (cysts) forming in the tubules within the medulla, creating a spongelike appearance.
C) Small, shrunken kidneys with fibrotic changes.
D) Kidneys with a ‘fish mouth’ appearance of the renal pelvis.
“Correct Answer: B) Tiny, fluid-filled sacs (cysts) forming in the tubules within the medulla, creating a spongelike appearance.
Explanation: In medullary sponge kidney, tiny, fluid-filled sacs called cysts form in the tubules within the medulla—the
Which genes are primarily associated with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?
A) PKHD1
B) PKD1 or PKD2
C) CFTR
D) SCN5A
Correct Answer: B) PKD1 or PKD2.
[cite_start]Explanation: ADPKD is caused by mutations in PKD1 (85%) or PKD2 (15%) genes[cite: 28].
