Uni Week 2 Notes Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
What is the structure of the capillary tuft in the glomerulus
A
15–20 looping fenestrated capillaries with ~70–100 nm pores arising from an afferent arteriole and drained by a single efferent arteriole [cite: 2]
2
Q
What are the components of the filtration barrier in the glomerulus
A
Fenestrated endothelium shared glomerular basement membrane (GBM) podocyte visceral epithelium [cite: 4]
3
Q
What is the function of the fenestrated endothelium in the glomerulus
A
Repels cells and large proteins [cite: 6]
4
Q
What are the layers of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
A
Lamina rara interna lamina densa lamina rara externa [cite: 8]
5
Q
What proteins are involved in the formation of slit diaphragms in podocytes
A
Nephrin podocin CD2AP [cite: 10]
6
Q
What is the role of the mesangium in the glomerulus
A
Provides structural support phagocytoses debris modulates filtration surface by actin–myosin contraction [cite: 12]
7
Q
True or False: The glomerular basement membrane contains type IV collagen?TRUE [cite: 14]
A
8
Q
Fill in the blank: The primary processes of podocytes interdigitate to form _______
A
slit diaphragms [cite: 16]
9
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
A
Tall cuboidal [cite: 18]
10
Q
What are the major functions of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
A
Bulk reabsorption of Na⁺ HCO₃⁻ glucose amino acids; secretion of organic anions/cations [cite: 20]
11
Q
What is the structure of the epithelium in the Thin Limbs of Henle
A
Simple squamous [cite: 22]
12
Q
What is the major function of the Thin Limbs of Henle
A
Passive NaCl or H₂O flux (depending on limb) [cite: 23]
13
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)
A
Cuboidal with apical microprojections [cite: 25]
14
Q
What are the major functions of the Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)
A
Active Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ reabsorption; impermeable to water [cite: 26 27]
15
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
A
Low cuboidal [cite: 29]
16
Q
What are the major functions of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
A
NaCl reabsorption (NCC) Ca²⁺ reabsorption (TRPV5) [cite: 31]
17
Q
What type of cells are found in the Cortical Collecting Duct
A
Principal + intercalated cells [cite: 33]
18
Q
What is the major function of the Cortical Collecting Duct
A
Water & Na⁺ balance K⁺/H⁺ secretion [cite: 35]
19
Q
What is the structure of the epithelium in the Medullary Collecting Duct
A
Increasing columnar height [cite: 36]
20
Q
What is the major function of the Medullary Collecting Duct
A
Final urine concentration [cite: 38]
21
Q
What is the JGA
A
A specialised nephron–vascular interface at the vascular pole [cite: 39]
22
Q
What are the main components of the JGA
A
Macula densa Juxtaglomerular (granular) cells Extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells [cite: 40]
23
Q
Describe the macula densa
A
30–40 closely packed NaCl-sensing DCT cells; tall with dark nuclei; communicate via gap junctions. [cite: 41]
24
Q
What type of cells are juxtaglomerular (granular) cells
A
Modified smooth-muscle cells in the afferent (± efferent) arteriole wall; contain renin granules. [cite: 42]
25
Where are extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells located
Between macula densa and arterioles [cite: 43]
26
What is the function of extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells
Transmit signals and may contain renin in neonates. [cite: 44]
27
True or False: Juxtaglomerular cells are found in the efferent arteriole
TRUE [cite: 45]
28
Fill in the blank: The macula densa cells are responsible for sensing _______
[NaCl] [cite: 217]
29
What is Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)
A mechanism where ↑NaCl at macula densa causes ATP/adenosine release leading to afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and ↓GFR. [cite: 46]
30
What happens when NaCl levels decrease in TGF
NO/PGI₂ release occurs leading to vasodilation and renin secretion which increases GFR. [cite: 47]
31
What role do granular cells play in renin release
Granular cells act as renal baroreceptors respond to β₁-adrenergic signals and receive macula densa signals to initiate RAAS. [cite: 48]
32
What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Renin release from granular cells. [cite: 49]
33
How do Lacis cells contribute to nephron function
They propagate Ca²⁺ waves coordinating vasomotor tone around adjacent glomeruli. [cite: 50]
34
Fill in the blank: TGF involves the release of _______ and adenosine
ATP [cite: 52]
35
True or False: A decrease in NaCl at the macula densa leads to afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
FALSE [cite: 53]
36
What is the effect of ↑NaCl levels at the macula densa
Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and ↓GFR. [cite: 54]
37
What is the Starling equation used for in the context of filtration
It describes the driving forces of filtration in the kidneys. [cite: 55]
38
What does the variable Kf represent in the Starling equation
Hydraulic permeability × surface area. [cite: 56]
39
What factors determine permselectivity during molecular movement
Size charge shape. [cite: 57]
40
What size of molecules can pass through the filtration barrier
Molecules with a radius of less than 4 nm. [cite: 58]
41
Which type of charge has the highest permeability in filtration
Cationic. [cite: 41]
42
List the factors that increase filtration
↑ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure ↓ Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure ↓ plasma oncotic pressure ↑ Kf [cite: 59]
43
What effect does afferent dilation have on filtration
It increases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. [cite: 60]
44
What happens to filtration when there is relief of urinary tract obstruction
Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure decreases. [cite: 61]
45
What condition leads to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
Hypoproteinaemia. [cite: 62]
46
How does mesangial relaxation affect Kf
It increases Kf. [cite: 46]
47
Fill in the blank: The Starling equation for glomerular filtration rate is J˙GFR = Kf [(P_GC − P_BS) − σ(π_GC − ______)]
π_BS [cite: 63]
48
What is the definition of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Volume of plasma filtered per minute by all functioning glomeruli (~125 mL min⁻¹ 180 L day⁻¹). [cite: 64]
49
What are the two components of autoregulation of GFR
Myogenic response (intrinsic smooth-muscle stretch) Tubuloglomerular feedback [cite: 46 274]
50
What is the role of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in GFR control
Constriction of efferent > afferent arterioles—maintains GFR when renal perfusion falls. [cite: 65]
51
How do ANP and BNP affect GFR
They dilate afferent arterioles and relax mesangium leading to an increase in GFR. [cite: 66 67]
52
What is the impact of ADH on GFR
Mild vasoconstriction via V₁; minor impact on GFR. [cite: 68]
53
What is the effect of sympathetic α₁ stimulation on GFR
Intense vasoconstriction of both arterioles (predominantly afferent) leading to a decrease in GFR during severe volume loss. [cite: 69 70]
54
What is the formula for flow–pressure–resistance
Q = ΔP / R [cite: 54]
55
What does Q represent in the flow–pressure–resistance formula
Flow (renal blood flow) [cite: 71]
56
What does ΔP represent in the flow–pressure–resistance formula
Pressure gradient (mean arterial – venous) [cite: 72]
57
What does R represent in the flow–pressure–resistance formula
Vascular resistance [cite: 73]
58
Fill in the blank: In the formula Q = ΔP / R Q stands for _______flow
(renal blood flow) [cite: 74]
59
Fill in the blank: In the formula Q = ΔP / R ΔP represents the _______.
pressure gradient (mean arterial – venous) [cite: 75]
60
Fill in the blank: In the formula Q = ΔP / R R denotes _______.
vascular resistance [cite: 76]
61
What effect does increased afferent tone have on Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
Decreases RBF [cite: 77 78]
62
What happens to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (P) when afferent tone is increased
Decreases Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure [cite: 79 80]
63
What is the impact on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with increased afferent tone
Decreases GFR markedly [cite: 81]
64
What effect does decreased afferent tone have on Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
Increases RBF [cite: 82 83]
65
What happens to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (P) when afferent tone is decreased
Increases Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure [cite: 84 85]
66
What is the impact on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with decreased afferent tone
Increases GFR [cite: 86]
67
What effect does increased efferent tone have on Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
Decreases RBF [cite: 87 88]
68
What happens to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (P) when efferent tone is increased
Increases Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure proximal to constriction [cite: 89 90]
69
What is the impact on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with increased efferent tone
Biphasic: moderate increase excessive tone eventually decreases GFR [cite: 91 92]
70
What effect does decreased efferent tone have on Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
Increases RBF [cite: 93 94]
71
What happens to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (P) when efferent tone is decreased
Decreases Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure [cite: 95 96]
72
What is the impact on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with decreased efferent tone
No significant change [cite: 97]
73
What are the types of tubular transport
Primary active Secondary active Facilitated diffusion Paracellular solvent drag Endocytosis [cite: 98]
74
What is an example of primary active transport
Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase H⁺-ATPase [cite: 100]
75
What are the two types of secondary active transport
Symporters and antiporters [cite: 101]
76
Name two examples of symporters involved in secondary active transport.
SGLT NKCC2 NCC [cite: 102 103]
77
Give two examples of antiporters involved in secondary active transport.
NHE3 Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ [cite: 104]
78
What is facilitated diffusion
Transport of substances down their concentration gradient via specific transport proteins [cite: 105]
79
Name two transporters involved in facilitated diffusion.
GLUT1 GLUT2 urea transporters [cite: 106 107]
80
What is paracellular solvent drag
Transport of water and solutes through tight junctions between cells [cite: 108]
81
What is the role of endocytosis in tubular transport
Protein reabsorption via megalin–cubulin in PCT [cite: 109]
82
What is the route for transcellular transport
Across apical membrane → cytosol → basolateral membrane [cite: 82]
83
What is the route for paracellular transport
Through tight-junction limits [cite: 110]
84
What determines the selectivity of transcellular transport
Transporter/ channel dependent [cite: 84]
85
What determines the selectivity of paracellular transport
Claudin composition; size/charge-selective [cite: 111]
86
Does transcellular transport require energy
May require active steps [cite: 86]
87
Is paracellular transport passive or active
Passive driven by electrochemical & osmotic gradients [cite: 112]
88
What is the typical intracellular concentration range of Na⁺
10–15 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 113]
89
What is the typical extracellular concentration range of Na⁺
135–145 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 114]
90
What is the typical intracellular concentration range of K⁺
120–150 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 115]
91
What is the typical extracellular concentration range of K⁺
3.5–5.0 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 116]
92
What is the typical intracellular concentration of phosphate (HPO₄²⁻/H₂PO₄⁻)
75 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 117 118]
93
What is the typical extracellular concentration range of phosphate (HPO₄²⁻/H₂PO₄⁻)
1–2 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 119]
94
What is the typical intracellular concentration of free Ca²⁺
0.0001 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 120]
95
What is the typical extracellular concentration range of free Ca²⁺
1.1–1.3 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 121]
96
What is the typical intracellular concentration of Mg²⁺
12 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 122]
97
What is the typical extracellular concentration of Mg²⁺
0.8 mmol L⁻¹ [cite: 123]
98
What is the role of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in the descending thin limb
Highly abundant; water exits passively leading to an increase in luminal [NaCl] [cite: 124 125]
99
What is the permeability of the ascending thin and thick limbs to water
Impermeable to water [cite: 126 127]
100
What happens in the DCT and cortical collecting duct regarding water permeability
Baseline water impermeable; ADH inserts AQP2 apically for facultative reabsorption [cite: 128 129]
101
What effect does ADH have on the inner-medullary collecting duct
Increases water and urea permeability (via UT-A1/3) aiding osmotic gradient [cite: 130 131]
102
Fill in the blank: The descending thin limb is highly abundant in _______.
aquaporin-1 (AQP1) [cite: 132]
103
True or False: The ascending limbs of the nephron are permeable to water.
FALSE [cite: 133]
104
What type of epithelium is described
Tall eosinophilic cuboidal epithelium [cite: 134 135]
105
What structural feature is prominent in the described epithelium
Prominent microvilli (brush border) [cite: 136]
106
What is the function of the basolateral labyrinth in the epithelium
Supports transport and absorption processes [cite: 137 138]
107
What cellular component is abundant in the described epithelium
Numerous elongated mitochondria [cite: 139]
108
What does the presence of numerous elongated mitochondria indicate
High ATP demand [cite: 140]
109
What does SGLT stand for
Na⁺-Glucose Symport [cite: 102]
110
What is the Na⁺ to glucose ratio for SGLT2
1 Na⁺ : 1 glucose [cite: 141]
111
What is the primary function of SGLT2
Accounts for 90% of reabsorbed glucose [cite: 142]
112
What type of affinity and capacity does SGLT2 have
Low affinity/high capacity [cite: 143]
113
What is the Na⁺ to glucose ratio for SGLT1
2 Na⁺ : 1 glucose [cite: 144]
114
What type of affinity does SGLT1 have
High affinity [cite: 145]
115
What is the role of SGLT1 in glucose reabsorption
Clears residual glucose [cite: 115]
116
How does glucose exit basolaterally for SGLT2
Via GLUT2 [cite: 146]
117
How does glucose exit basolaterally for SGLT1
Via GLUT1 [cite: 147]
118
What does the Na⁺-H⁺ Antiporter (NHE3) exchange
Exchanges luminal Na⁺ for intracellular H⁺ [cite: 147 148]
119
How does NHE3 contribute to HCO₃⁻ reclamation
Via carbonic anhydrase IV/II [cite: 148]
120
What role does NHE3 play in ammonium trapping
Contributes to ammonium trapping by substituting NH₄⁺ for H⁺ [cite: 149]
121
What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed isosmotically in the PCT
Around 65% [cite: 150]
122
What is osmotic diuresis
A condition where unreabsorbed solute raises tubular osmolarity holding water and causing obligatory water loss [cite: 151 152]
123
Fill in the blank: Around 65% of filtered water follows solute isosmotically in _______.
PCT [cite: 153]
124
True or False: AQP1 is involved in the reabsorption of water in the PCT.
TRUE [cite: 154]
125
What role do leaky tight junctions play in water reabsorption
They allow water to follow solute isosmotically in the PCT [cite: 155 156]
126
What happens to water during osmotic diuresis
It is held in the tubule due to increased tubular osmolarity [cite: 157]
127
What is Fanconi Syndrome
A disorder characterized by generalized proximal tubular dysfunction of the kidneys. [cite: 158]
128
What are the inherited causes of Fanconi Syndrome
Cystinosis Wilson disease Lowe syndrome. [cite: 128]
129
What are drug-induced causes of Fanconi Syndrome
Ifosfamide tenofovir. [cite: 159]
130
What heavy metals can cause Fanconi Syndrome
Heavy metals (specific metals not listed). [cite: 160]
131
Which condition associated with multiple myeloma can lead to Fanconi Syndrome
Myeloma light chains. [cite: 161]
132
What are the clinical features of Fanconi Syndrome
Polyuria polydipsia growth failure rickets/osteomalacia. [cite: 162]
133
What is a significant laboratory finding in Fanconi Syndrome
Generalized PCT transport defect. [cite: 163]
134
What is glucosuria with normal glycaemia indicative of in Fanconi Syndrome
Proximal renal tubular acidosis (PCT transport defect). [cite: 164]
135
What are the types of urinary losses in Fanconi Syndrome
Phosphaturia amino-aciduria bicarbonaturia. [cite: 165]
136
What is a common finding in the histology of PCT cells in Fanconi Syndrome
Vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling. [cite: 166]
137
What are the main components of treatment for Fanconi Syndrome
Replace losses (oral phosphate bicarbonate calcitriol) treat underlying cause. [cite: 167]
138
What does the prognosis of Fanconi Syndrome depend on
Underlying etiology. [cite: 168]
139
Fill in the blank: Fanconi Syndrome can lead to ______ due to renal tubular dysfunction.
growth failure [cite: 169]
140
What are the transporters involved in glucose reabsorption
SGLT2/1 (apical) GLUT2/1 (basolateral) [cite: 170]
141
What is the transport maximum (Tₘ) for glucose reabsorption
~375 mg min⁻¹ [cite: 171]
142
What happens when the transport maximum for glucose is exceeded
Glucosuria [cite: 172 173]
143
How are amino acids reabsorbed in the kidneys
Through multiple Na⁺-dependent symporters grouped by side-chain class [cite: 174]
144
Fill in the blank: The reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys involves _______ transporters.
[SGLT2/1 and GLUT2/1] [cite: 170]
145
True or False: Amino acids are reabsorbed completely in the kidneys.
TRUE [cite: 176]
146
What type of cells are found in thin limbs
Simple squamous cells with flattened nuclei [cite: 177 178]
147
What is the histological structure of the thick ascending limb (TAL)
Cuboidal cells [cite: 179 180]
148
What transporters are located at the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL)
NKCC2 and ROMK [cite: 181 182]
149
What are the basolateral transporters found in the thick ascending limb (TAL)
ClC-Kb/Barttin and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase [cite: 183]
150
What does NKCC2 stand for
Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ Symporter [cite: 184 185]
151
What ions does NKCC2 transport
1 Na⁺ 1 K⁺ 2 Cl⁻ [cite: 186]
152
How does K⁺ recycling affect the lumen voltage
Creates positive lumen voltage [cite: 187]
153
What is the role of ROMK in relation to NKCC2
K⁺ recycling [cite: 188 189]
154
Fill in the blank: NKCC2 couples the entry of _______.
1 Na⁺ 1 K⁺ 2 Cl⁻ [cite: 190 191]
155
True or False: NKCC2 is involved in the reabsorption of potassium ions only.
FALSE [cite: 192]
156
What does the positive lumen voltage facilitate
Paracellular Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ reabsorption [cite: 193]
157
What is the single-effect in the generation of medullary osmotic gradient
TAL reabsorbs NaCl without water → interstitium hypertonic. [cite: 194 195]
158
Define counter-current multiplication in the context of medullary osmotic gradient.
Continuous flow converts horizontal to vertical gradient (300 → 1200 mOsm). [cite: 196 197 198]
159
What is the role of urea recycling in the medullary osmotic gradient
Contributes ~50 % of medullary tonicity—ADH-dependent. [cite: 199]
160
How does the vasa recta contribute to the preservation of the medullary osmotic gradient
Counter-current exchange minimizes washout (slow hair-pin flow). [cite: 200 201]
161
What is Bartter Syndrome
A genetic disorder characterized by a group of disorders affecting kidney function [cite: 161]
162
What mutations are associated with Bartter Syndrome
Mutations in NKCC2 ROMK ClC-Kb Barttin or CaSR (types I–V) [cite: 202]
163
What are the clinical features of Bartter Syndrome
Polyhydramnios failure to thrive polyuria hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis hypercalciuria (except type V) [cite: 203]
164
What laboratory findings are typical in Bartter Syndrome
↑ renin/aldosterone normal BP [cite: 204]
165
What histological change is observed in Bartter Syndrome
Hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells [cite: 205]
166
What is the treatment for Bartter Syndrome
Fluid/electrolyte replacement NSAIDs (↓PG) K⁺-sparing diuretics ACEI [cite: 206]
167
What is the prognosis for Bartter Syndrome
Variable; neonatal forms severe [cite: 207]
168
Fill in the blank: Bartter Syndrome is caused by mutations in NKCC2 ROMK ClC-Kb Barttin or _______.
CaSR [cite: 208]
169
True or False: Hypercalciuria is a feature of all types of Bartter Syndrome.
FALSE [cite: 209]
170
What are the characteristics of DCT cells
Small diameter pale cuboidal cells sparse microvilli [cite: 209 210]
171
What types of cells are found in the collecting duct
Principal cells and intercalated cells [cite: 211 212]
172
What is the function of type A intercalated cells
Secrete H⁺ [cite: 213]
173
What is the function of type B intercalated cells
Secrete HCO₃⁻ [cite: 214]
174
What are the characteristics of principal cells in the collecting duct
Pale AQP2 ENaC [cite: 215 216]
175
What is the function of the Macula Densa
Specialised DCT plaque sensing tubular NaCl via NKCC2; modulates renin and afferent tone [cite: 217 218]
176
What receptor does ADH (Vasopressin) act on in principal cells
V₂-receptor (Gs) [cite: 219 220]
177
What is the effect of ADH on cAMP levels in principal cells
↑cAMP [cite: 221 222]
178
What is the role of PKA in the action of ADH
Phosphorylation of AQP2 [cite: 223 224]
179
What happens to AQP2 as a result of ADH action
Trafficking to apical membrane [cite: 225 226]
180
In addition to AQP2 what does ADH stimulate in the inner-medullary collecting duct
UT-A1/3 [cite: 227 228]
181
What is the effect of stimulating UT-A1/3 in the inner-medullary collecting duct
Enhancing urea permeability and medullary gradient [cite: 229 230]
182
Fill in the blank: ADH (Vasopressin) acts on the _______ receptor in principal cells.
V₂-receptor [cite: 231]
183
True or False: ADH increases the permeability of the inner-medullary collecting duct to urea.
TRUE [cite: 232]
184
What effect does increased apical AQP2 have on water
↑apical AQP2 leads to rapid equilibration with hyperosmotic interstitium and concentrated urine. [cite: 233 234]
185
How does urea transport affect interstitial osmolality
↑transport raises interstitial osmolality amplifying water reabsorption in thin limb loop. [cite: 235 236]
186
Fill in the blank: Increased _______ leads to concentrated urine due to rapid equilibration with hyperosmotic interstitium.
apical AQP2 [cite: 237]
187
True or False: Increased urea transport decreases interstitial osmolality.
FALSE [cite: 238]
188
What triggers the release of renin
Low renal perfusion sympathetic β₁ or low NaCl at macula densa [cite: 238 239]
189
What is angiotensinogen converted into
Angiotensin I [cite: 240]
190
What enzyme converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) [cite: 241]
191
What are the effects of Angiotensin II
Systemic arteriolar vasoconstriction aldosterone release ADH secretion thirst [cite: 242]
192
Fill in the blank: Low renal perfusion sympathetic β₁ or low NaCl at macula densa leads to the release of _______.
renin [cite: 243 244]
193
What is the overall purpose of the RAAS system
To restore arterial pressure [cite: 245]
194
What effect does Ang II have on PCT Na⁺-H⁺ Antiporter
Ang II up-regulates NHE3 activity via AT₁ receptor [cite: 246]
195
What is the result of increased NHE3 activity due to Ang II
↑Na⁺/HCO₃⁻ reabsorption [cite: 247]
196
What physiological processes are influenced by Ang II’s action on the PCT
Volume restoration Metabolic alkalosis in volume depletion [cite: 248]
197
Fill in the blank: Ang II contributes to _______ and metabolic alkalosis in volume depletion.
volume restoration [cite: 249]
198
True or False: Ang II decreases NHE3 activity in the PCT.
FALSE [cite: 250]
199
What receptor mediates the up-regulation of NHE3 activity by Ang II
AT₁ receptor [cite: 251]
200
What receptor does aldosterone bind to in principal cells
Cytosolic mineralocorticoid receptor [cite: 252 253]
201
What are the effects of aldosterone binding to its receptor
Transcription of ENaC ROMK Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase [cite: 254 255]
202
What is the result of increased Na⁺ reabsorption due to aldosterone
Expansion of ECF volume and raising BP [cite: 256 257]
203
Fill in the blank: Aldosterone increases _______ reabsorption and _______ secretion.
Na⁺; K⁺/H⁺ [cite: 258 259]
204
True or False: Aldosterone has no effect on water retention.
FALSE [cite: 260]
205
What occurs during sympathetic activation in low ECF
α₁ vasoconstriction (↓RBF GFR) β₁ renin release direct proximal Na⁺ reabsorption [cite: 205 261]
206
What is a consequence of chronic sympathetic tone in dysautonomia or heart failure
Renal Na⁺ retention leading to oedema [cite: 261 262]
207
What happens to Na⁺ balance in denervation due to transplant
Loss of rapid reflexes but long-term Na⁺ balance preserved via humoral mechanisms [cite: 263]
