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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

structuralism

A

structure of the human mind

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2
Q

functionalism

A

how mental and behavioral processes function

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3
Q

behaviorism

A

study of psychology by studying the behavior of individuals

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4
Q

cognitive psychology

A

focuses on how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information

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5
Q

humanism

A

focuses on conscious experience freedom of choice and capacity for personal growth

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6
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

rationalism

A

believe knowledge was gained from logic and reason

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8
Q

empiricism

A

believe knowledge is based on observation and experimentation

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9
Q

dualism

A

believed mind and body were separate

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10
Q

monism

A

believed mind and body were two aspects of the same thing

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11
Q

introspection

A

looking within and reporting thoughts, feelings, and sensations ex: meditation

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12
Q

nature/nurture

A

controversy over how much genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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13
Q

natural selection

A

among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed on

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14
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study of evolution of behavior of the mind using principles of natural selection

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15
Q

positive psychology

A

study human functioning and promote strengths to help people thrive in life

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16
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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17
Q

applied research

A

study that aims to solve practical problems

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18
Q

counseling psychology

A

assists people with problems of living to achieve a better life

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19
Q

clinical psychology

A

treats people who have psych disorders

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20
Q

psychiatrist

A

medicine (doctor) that helps with psych disorders

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21
Q

community psychology

A

how people interact with environments and institutions and help affect them

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22
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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23
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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24
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. instead it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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25
theory
an explanation using the integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
26
hypothesis
a testable prediction often implied by a theory
27
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
28
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances
29
case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in-depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
30
naturalistic observation
a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation
31
survey
a technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group
32
population
all those in the group being studied
33
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because every member has an equal chance of inclusion
34
correlation
the measure of how two variables vary together and how each factor predicts each other
35
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to 1)
36
scatterplot
a graph of clustered dots that represents the values of two variables
37
regression towards the mean
the tendency for extreme, unusual scores of events to fall back toward the average
38
experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effects of someone's behavior
39
social-cultural perspective
focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
40
biological perspective
focuses on the physical structures and substances affecting behavior, thought, or emotion
41
false consensus effect
the false belief that most people agree with you
42
illusory correlation
the perception that a correlation exists when it does not
43
independent variable
the variable that the experimenter controls/manipulates
44
dependent variable
expected to change as a result of the experiment
45
experimental group
group on which the main part of the study is being done
46
control group
used for comparison purposes
47
random assignment
which group a participant is placed in is determined completely by chance
48
placebo
substance or condition assumed to be active that is not
49
double-blind procedure
neither the experimenter nor the participant knows who is in the control condition
50
type l error
concluding hypothesis is true when it is false
51
type ll error
concluding hypothesis is false when its true
52
mean
average of all data points
53
median
middle data point
54
mode
data point that appears most often
55
positively skewed distribution
both variables move in the same direction
56
negatively skewed distribution
variables move in opposite direction
57
range
max score - min score
58
standard deviation
a measure of how much scores vary from the mean
59
statistical significance
describing data that is probably not due to chance
60
p values
what statistical significance is expressed in
61
ethics
moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity
62
overconfidence
expecting to do well without actually putting in effort, being too confident in something
63
industrial/organizational psychology
psychology used to study, analyze, and understand human behavior in the workplace
64
perspective
the ability to view objects, events, and ideas in realistic proportions and relationships
65
plato
rationalist, monist, nature
66
aristotle
empiricist, dualist, nurture
67
descartes
rationalist, nature
68
locke
empiricist, nurture
69
wundt
introspection, father of psych, first psych lab
70
what methods do psychologists use to describe behavior?
case study, survey, natural observation
71
what methods do psychologists use to predict behavior?
correlation
72
what method do psychologists use to prove cause and effect?
experiment
73
what are the four principles of experimental ethics?
confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent, and protection from harm
74
gestalt psychology
emphasizes the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

AP Psych (11 decks)

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