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AP Psych > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

learning that persists over time

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2
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier, a short answer

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3
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, multiple choice

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4
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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5
Q

encoding

A

getting information into memory

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6
Q

retrieval

A

getting information back out again

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7
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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9
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storage house of the memory system

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10
Q

short term memory

A

activated memory that holds items brief, such as seven digits of a phone number when calling

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11
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and spatial information

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12
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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13
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, word meanings

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14
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations

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15
Q

explicit memory

A

the memory of facts and experiences that one can know and “declare”

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, picture memory

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, sounds, or words

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18
Q

chunking

A

organizing into familiar, manageable units

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19
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids that make use of imagery and organization

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20
Q

spacing effect

A

distributing practice over time improves long-term memory

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21
Q

testing effect

A

repeated self-testing improves learning

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22
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure and appearance of words

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23
Q

deep processing

A

encoding based on the meaning of words

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24
Q

self reference effect

A

you will remember things that have personal meaning to you

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25
Q

memory consolidation

A

the neural storage of a long-term memory

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26
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system

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27
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotional event

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

memory for skills, implicit

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29
Q

basal ganglia

A

helps process procedural memories

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30
Q

long term potentiation

A

an increase in cell firing potential after brief rapid stimulation

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31
Q

state-dependent memory

A

we are more likely to remember something when we are in the same chemical, or physical state as when it occurred

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32
Q

mood congruent memory

A

our current mood affects what we remember, happy=happy memories

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33
Q

rosy retrospection

A

we tend to remember events more positively than they were when they occurred

34
Q

serial position effect

A

we tend to remember the first and last items in a list the best

35
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

36
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall past, forget names

37
Q

proactive interference

A

old learning affects new learning

38
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning affects old learning

39
Q

next in line effect

A

failure to remember what the person who spoke right before you said

40
Q

memory construction

A

we change memories or create inaccurate memories

41
Q

misinformation effect

A

memories changed based on later information

42
Q

source amnesia

A

remembering correctly but attributing the memory to the wrong source

43
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associates in memory

44
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the ideas that ques and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

45
Q

reconsolidation

A

a process in which previous stored memories, when retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again

46
Q

rehearsal

A

Repetition of a piece of information to keep it within your active short-term memory

47
Q

semantic encoding

A

when a word, phrase, picture, etc. is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it

48
Q

procedural memory

A

type of memory that we use to do everyday tasks like tying our shoes

49
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories

50
Q

amygdala

A

part of the brain that regulates memory consolidation or the process of turning memory into long-term memory

51
Q

deja vu

A

eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of earlier experiences

52
Q

cognition

A

all forms of knowing, remembering, deciding, planning, problem solving, communicating ideas

53
Q

concept

A

the mental representation of related things

54
Q

prototype

A

representation of the most typical member of a category

55
Q

algorithm

A

step by step procedure

56
Q

heuristic

A

rule of thumb strategies

57
Q

insight

A

sudden, often novel realization of a solution

58
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for information that confirms our beliefs (ignoring disconfirming evidence)

59
Q

fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a different perspective

60
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has worked before

61
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed or unchanging

62
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches your prototype/stereotype

63
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory

64
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed

65
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to existing beliefs even after they have been discredited by evidence

66
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

67
Q

convergent thinking

A

one possible answer

68
Q

divergent thinking

A

many possible answers

69
Q

language

A

spoken, written, gestured words and they way we combine to think or communicate

70
Q

phonemes

A

basic sounds of a language, ch,a

71
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit which carries meaning, un, pre

72
Q

semantics

A

used to derive meaning, ed=past

73
Q

syntax

A

rules for putting words in order

74
Q

babbling stage

A

earliest stage of talking, 2-12 months, ah goo

75
Q

one word stage

A

second level of infancy speech, 1-2 years, ma

76
Q

two-word stage/telegraphic speech

A

the third stage of infancy speech, 2+ years, want juice

77
Q

aphasia

A

language disorder that affects hwo you communicate

78
Q

intuition

A

the ability to understand something immediately

79
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

80
Q

grammar

A

The set of rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions

81
Q

linguistic determination

A

the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception

AP Psych (11 decks)

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