Unit 5

Question 1

conditioned response

Answer 1

a learned reaction to a stimulus

Question 2

conditioned stimulus

Answer 2

a neutral stimulus that is learned through conditioning

Question 3

acquisition

Answer 3

the initial stage when one lines up a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

high order conditioning

Answer 4

when the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neural stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

Question 5

extinction

Answer 5

effects of conditioning disappear when CS is no longer paired ith UCS

Question 6

spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

the reappearance of a conditioned stimulus that brings back the response

Question 7

generalization

Answer 7

the subject becomes conditioned to items similar to CS ex: all white objects

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

subject learns the difference between CS and similar objects

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

a type of learning where behavior is strengthened by a reinforcer and diminished by a punishment

Question 10

respondent behavior

Answer 10

how someone responds in classical conditioning

Question 11

operant behavior

Answer 11

operating on the environment to produce rewarding or punishment stimuli

Question 12

skinner box

Answer 12

animal presses a bar to release food and their responses are monitored

Question 13

shaping

Answer 13

reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior

Question 14

reinforcer

Answer 14

any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response

Question 15

positive reinforcement

Answer 15

strengthens behavior through a positive reward ex: food, praise

Question 16

negative reinforcement

Answer 16

strengthens a behavior by removing a negative stimulus ex: snoozing alarm

Question 17

primary reinforcer

Answer 17

satisfy basic physical and psychological needs Ex: food, loe

Question 18

secondary reinforcer

Answer 18

are learned by association with a primary reinforcer

Question 19

immediate reinforcement

Answer 19

A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. stronger than delayed

Question 20

delayed reinforcement

Answer 20

period between the response producing the reinforcer and its subsequent delivery

Question 21

continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 22

partial reinforcement

Answer 22

when reinforcement is only given once in a while ex: the claw machine

Question 23

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 23

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 24

variable ratio schedule

Answer 24

reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses

Question 25

fixed interval schedule

Answer 25

reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Question 26

variable interval schedule

Answer 26

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows

Question 28

negative punishment

Answer 28

taking away something that causes the previous behavior to decrease

Question 29

discriminative stimulus

Answer 29

occurs before behavior and signals the probably consequence of the behavior

Question 30

cognitive map

Answer 30

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 32

intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 33

extrinsic motivation

Answer 33

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment

Question 34

instinctive drift

Answer 34

animals may revert to instinctive behavior after conditioning

Question 35

observational learning/modeling

Answer 35

process of learning by imitation

Question 36

mirror neurons

Answer 36

located in the frontal lobe which fires in response to the pain of others or when imitating language

Question 37

vicarious learning

Answer 37

humans and animals learn by seeing or hearing the consequences of other people's behavior

Question 38

prosocial behavior

Answer 38

helpful or kind behavior

Question 39

learning

Answer 39

a change in behavior that results from experience

Question 40

classical conditioning

Answer 40

when two stimuli are linked and produce a similar response

Question 41

unconditioned response

Answer 41

an automatic unlearned response

Question 42

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 42

a stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response

Question 43

behaviorism

Answer 43

study behavior without reference to the mental process

Question 44

associative learning

Answer 44

learning that certian events occur together