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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviorment

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2
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensation more important to interpretation than perception (part to whole)

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

perception is more important than sensation (whole to part, expectations)

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus

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6
Q

signal detection theory

A

absolute thesholda are affected by our psychological status

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference required to tell the difference between two very similar stimuli

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8
Q

webers law

A

difference threshold is in direct proportion to the intensity of a stimulus

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

after a while, we stop noticing stimuli if it doesn’t change

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10
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

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11
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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12
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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14
Q

schemas

A

concepts formed by experience that we use to organize and interpret unfamiliar information

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15
Q

context effects

A

context or surroundings that may affect our interpretation of our environment

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16
Q

iris

A

the colored part of eye regulates size of the pupil based on light

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17
Q

lens

A

performs accommodation, focuses on close and distance

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18
Q

accommodation

A

focusing on close or distant things, change in focus

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19
Q

fovea

A

center of retina, greatest cone concentration, sharpest focus

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20
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve exits the eye

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21
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next wave

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22
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

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23
Q

intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness

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24
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye which light enters in

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25
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing receptor rods and cones plus neurons that begin the visual information process
26
cones
retinal receptors that detect color
27
rods
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina (night vision)
28
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
29
amplitude
height of waves that determine the brightness of color
30
young helmholtz theory
three types of cones, red, green, and blue. color results from the simulation of different combinations
31
opponent processing theory
cells in the retina and thalamus are turned on and off by opposite colors. ex red/green
32
gestalt
the whole may exceed the sum of the parts, organized whole
33
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
34
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
35
proximity
things that are close together belong together
36
similarity
more powerful than proximity
37
continuity
a straight line is a continuation
38
closure
filling in gaps
39
connectedness
creating a whole
40
binocular cues
depth cues that require two eyes
41
retinal disparity
slightly different views seen by each eye
42
convergence
eyes turn inward or outward slightly, the brain uses it to determine the depth
43
monocular cues
depth cues that can be seen with one eye, artists
44
relative size
larger means closer (monocular cue)
45
interposition
if one object blocks the view of another it must be closer (monocular)
46
relative clarity
hazy objects are farther away (monocular)
47
texture gradient
coarse texture means closer (monocular)
48
relative height
objects in the high field of vision are farther away (monocular)
49
relative motion
objects beyond the fixation point move with you, objects between you and the fixation point move backward (monocular)
50
linear perspective
parallel lines converge with distance (monocular)
51
relative brightness
brighter objects are closer (monocular)
52
motion perception
how do we know things are moving
53
stroboscopic movement
rapid series of different pictures as movement
54
phi phenomenon
2 lights blink on and off and it looks like a light is moving in between them
55
perceptual constancy
the object seems unchanged even though the stimuli received change
56
color constancy
a color appears the same despite changes in light because of our experience
57
perceptual adaptation
the ability to be artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
58
audition
the sense of act or hearing
59
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
60
pitch
a tone experiences highness or lowness
61
middle ear
bones that conduct vibrations between the eardrum and cochlea
62
inner ear
the inner most part of the ear containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals, and vestibular sacs
63
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid filed tube in the inner ear
64
cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
65
place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
66
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images are two dimensional
67
conduction hearing loss
less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
67
sensorineural hearing loss
most common form of hearing loss also called nerve deafness
68
nociceptors
sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli
69
gate control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
70
phantom limb pain
patients perceive pain in missing body parts
71
olfaction
smell
72
kinesthesis
the sense of our body position and movement
73
vestibular sense
monitors head position through semicircular canals in the ear. helps maintain balance
74
visual capture
when senses conflict
75
just noticeable difference
the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time
76
acuity
sharpness of thought, vision, or hearing
77
bipolar cells
neurons in the retina, transfer visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
78
ganglion cells
neurons in the retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain
79
basilar membrane
within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea
80
frequency theory
neurons fire at the same frequency of sound waves, fast=high
81
sensory interaction
one sense may affect the other
82
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states of cognitive preferences and judgments
83
extrasensory perception (esp)
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
84
parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena
85
telepathy
communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses
86
clairvoyance
perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact
87
precognition
foreknowledge of an event
88
psychokinesis
the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone.

AP Psych (11 decks)

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