unit 1 / 2 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
what things were exchanged in the columbian exchange and effects
A
new world crops: maize, tomatoes, potatoes had dramatic effect on europenan life span, diet, and pop. growth
old world domesticated animals such as horses, cows, pigs effect on enviorment of old world
european diseases (small pox and measles) decimated Native american populations (demographic collapse allowed spanish to more easily gain control)
2
Q
earliest north american residents
A
crossed a land bridge between siberria and alaska 15,000-30,000
3
Q
pacific northwest
A
abundunt naturual resources supported desnse population
tribes (EX HAIDA) collected shellfish fromother beaches and hunted whales, seat otters, seals
Kwakuiti celebrated their abumdamce by carving totems
4
Q
Desert SW
A
much drier climate
The Pueblo built civilizations near RIO Grande
Hopi near cliffs (built civilizations in cliffs)
5
Q
mayas
A
built remarkable cities in rain forest of Yucatan peninsula
6
Q
aztecs
A
central mexico
captial city = tenochtitlan has popul of 200,000
written language
complex systems of irrigation
7
Q
mayas
A
rain forests in yucatan peninsula
large cities
giant stone temples
8
Q
inca
A
Anded moutains (today peru)
developed a vast empire in western south america
cultivation of fertile moutain valleys grew potatoes whihc watered with irrigation
9
Q
3 civilizations similarities
A
high organized society
extensive trade
calenders
all cultivated MAIZE
10
Q
maize cultivation spread where and caused
A
north
prompted economic growth
11
Q
pueblo
A
SW
present day new mexico
sedintary stayed in one place
farmers of maize
built homes in open and in sides of cliffs
highly organuzed
12
Q
people in great planes
A
grass lands (flat and open)
rockier to missisipi river
lots of buffaloe
pawnee
entire tribe would pack for spring bufaloe hunt
predomitly hunting bc of lack of natural resouces
13
Q
pacific NW
A
fishing villages
lived on oceans
Ex. Chinook People
made use of cedar trees around them to contrust plank houses
Chumash
hunter gather (permenant settlments_
hunted, fish
14
Q
hopewell
A
hunting and farming, farming exhausted soil - long houses
15
Q
hopi
A
cave dwellers
no nomadic
16
Q
iroquis
A
grew crops
built and lived in long houses
17
Q
columbus
A
hoped to discover new trade route to asia
saw no reason to r
18
Q
reason for exploration
A
population increasing, political unification, desire for luxary goods, christian ppl
19
Q
Henrey the Naviagtor
A
suceeded in opena a long sea route around south africas cape of hgood hope
20
Q
hernan cortes
A
conquerec azex empire in 1521
21
Q
francisco pizarro
A
conquered inca empire in 1533
22
Q
columbian exchange
A
exchange of new ideas, goods, people, and diseases between europe, africa, and americas (new and old world)
new world include maize, tomatoes, portatoes- new world mines provided steady supply og gold and sliver
old world croped included what, sigar, rice, coffee
europenas interodued horses, cows, chickens, and pigs
23
Q
impact of Columbian Exchange of european and africans
A
transformed european society by increasing agricultural yields and improving diets - stimulating growth
generates profitable trans-atlantic slave trade that halped sark europena economic development which facilitated shift from feudalism to capitalism
increase in slave trade
24
Q
what did europe shift to
A
capitilism: an economic system in which control of capital became more important than control of land.
25
impact of CE on native americans
decimated bc disease
demographic collapse let spanish easily take control
26
why did spanish establish new world empire
to spread roman catholic faith and exend the kings wealth and power
27
spain created
rigid ans higlhy centralized new world gov't controlled by crown in madrd
28
encomienda system
encomienda: license granted by spanish crown to royal officials to extract labor and tribute from native peoples in specified areas
promused to christianize natives
system began in carribean and spread to mexico-
Enabled Spanish Colonial administrators to Marshall native labor to support Plantation based Agriculture and extract precious metals
treated harshly - heavy manual labour
29
As new disease and warfare reduced their numbers the native population could not meet the Spaniards need for workers so
By early 1500w spanish began to import enslaved africans to labor on sugar plantations and in silver mins
30
why was the caste system created
males comprised as majority og spanish migratns so intermarriage produced a diverse mixture of peoples which created the need for CASTE SYSTEN
31
caste system
top pure blooed spaniards
middle several levels of people rodered due to their mix of europeans, native american, and african heritage last
bottom pure indian and black heritege
32
Pueblo Revolt
1680
17th century spanish gradually gained control over pueblo
spanish disrupted cultre by forcing them into encomiendas and tried to convert to roman catholic
led by pope (pueblo leader) who resented spanish and wanted to return to old way og living they all rose in revolt in 1680 and killed hundred of spanish colonizers and burnt churches spanish later regained control was was more religiously tolerent
33
bartolome de las casas
argued against encomienda for natives
wanted better treatment
suggest africans should replace
34
UNIT 2
UNIT 2
35
spanish carved a cast new world empire that stretced from today new mexico to peru
as of 17 century
france and england had yet yo establish permenant colonies in rest of N America
36
influenced by different economic and imperial foals
french and english found different colonies in N America
37
characteristics of french north america
explored by sea captains looking for northwest passaage to asia
settlers: traders and trappers who developed lucrative fur trade with indian tribes
canada, missisipi river valley, louisiana
christianized by jesuit priest (did not require converts to move missions) enjoyed generally cooperative relations
38
impact of native americans
old world diseases and war decimated tribes
british conflicts with native american indians over land resources and politics led to military confrontations
39
characteristics of british north america
settled by migrants who souch social mobility, economic prospetity, religious freedom
initial tolerence for tibes but peacful relations wuicky deteriated
massachusetts to GA
populared families
40
compare three empires
spanish came for goldand spreading roman catholicism as excuse) (exploit new world no permenant colonies)
france came to find a new NW passage to get to China and Asia establish trade alliances with natives, sent fewer, often intermarried, trade fur
England came to establish permenant colonies because their lack of naturaul resources and land
heavily relied on agriculture (tobacco)
41
Powagatans war
1609
english sneds negotiators to native for land and food, leaders kill them and war vreaks out english kidnaps daughter
42
jamestown
founded in 16-7 by joint-stock company to make profit
religion minor role
beggining theres lots of issues bc natives and more also had starvinf period but TOBACCO HELPED
brink of collapse 80 percent of first colonists died from diseases and malnutrition
43
tobacco in jamestown
tobacco enabked cheapstake colonies to become economicalyy vilable
demand for tobacco caused demand for labor force which turned the, to indentured servitude (agree to come to NW for 5-7 years and grt land if survive)
44
Gov't in james town
governor appointed by king
council og advisors (appoinyrf by govonrt / planter classs)
house of burgesses (elected by free men) (1st representive govt
45
Bacons Revellion
1676
indentured servant were living longer (land less available)
exposed tension btwn former indentured servents and planter class (rich)
TURNING POINT
as planters became more wary of indentured servants turned enslaved africans more reliable and cost efficirnt also bc indentured servitude was also less accesable
46
new england colonists
puritan
came as family groups
establish permenant
fever and diseases killed half OG
47
British west indied and southern atlantic coast
sugar cane
labor intensive
spike in demand for african enslaved people
harsh slave codes (chattel)
48
NY and NJ
river streams developed export colonies based on cerial crops
urban merchants -)shop keepers -)uneployed, unskiledd labours,enslaved africans
49
pensylvania
relgious freedom
50
triangular trade`
merchant ship would leave a poin in NE and carry rum to W Africa (there traded for hundred of captive africans)
next the ship would go to middle passage (brutal conditions) Africans who sruve coage would be traded in the west indies for sugar cane
third the ship retured to NE where the sugar cane would be sold to be made into rum
51
mercantalism
only fixed amount of wealth (gold and silver) in world
have more exports than imports
more wealth more power
acccess to raw matericals cant find in own countries
52
navigation acts
required merchants to engage in traade with english colonies only with english ships
valuable trade items had to pass through british ports
so british could have maximum fgold and silver
. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
53
chesapeke
virginia and maryland
54
from 1701 to 1775 what happened to the popualtion and why
population increased
English Immigrants: protestants fleeing religious persecution and farmers, merchants, and artisans were searching for economic ooppurtunities (most of these settled in middle colonies)
enslaved africans forced on european ships
american indians- popul growth created tension but a lot would make alliances with colonistsa to protect land and get allies
55
middle colonies
pensylvanua, NY, NJ, Delaware
rich soil produced abundance of wheat and corn for export to west indies and europe
big farms common
trading caused growth
religious diverse
PA: quakers founded looking for religious freedom, most religiously tolerent
56
puritans
protestents who wanted to purify church of england by making less catholic
settled in NE with about 100,000 natives, in beggining natives welcomed oppurtunity to trade
as puritan population grew grew settlments and saw natives as savages which caused conflict
57
new england colonies
: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
rocky soil and long winters made farming j for family
weakest class structure, most european cities, wealth even
more families
58
came to colonies
religious tolerence
no hereditary aristocracy
social mobility
59
Enlightnemnet
eighteenth century intellectual movment led by a group of english and french thinkers and weiters
uses science and logic to explain world around us not just God did it which led to questions in politics and religion
everyone entitled to life liberty and property
60
John locke
enlightenment thinker
english philosipher
Two Treatises of Government talks about how government must protect rights of people and if they dont people have rigth and obligation to overthrow them
these ideas on naturaul rights
61
Great awakening
A movement of religious revival during the mid to late 18th century.
revivals
caused splitting of denominations
new light preachers deemphasized ceremony and ritual but focus on emotional religious experience - challenge old light
created intense christian
62
by 1750 colonies had similar systems of government what was it
a governor as chief and a legislature voting to aadopt or reject their ;aes
63
southern colonies
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
TOBACCO
diverse geography and cliamate-agriculture varied greatly
most lived in small subsistence farmily farms without slaves
a few lived on large plantations with a lot of land relying on slaves
by 1750 south hs more bc agriculture centered (slaves) (indentured to african slavery
64
jonathan edwards
helped spark great awakeod wning by writing sinner in the hands of an angry God which talks about badness of hell and explains God's justice
65
George Whitfield
preacher who said congregations have been dead because there is a dead man preaching them - challenges old light
66
virginia vs. massachusetts geographic conditions
virginia- fertile soil, warm weather, wide rivers promoted tobacco cultivation
mass- rocky soil, cold winters and shor-fastmoving rivers led to small farms to grow healthy mix of crops - life expectancy passed birth 25 years long than viriginia bc coldweather helped with spread od diseases
67
virginia vs. massachusetts importance of religion
VR founded by joint-stock company to make profit
MA founded by pilgrims and puritans commited to building a model christian society
68
virginia vs. massachusetts types of economys
VR- agricultural economy based on cultivation of tobacco, planters used indentured servants, then turned rto enslaved africans
MA- diversified economy that was based upon small famrs, shipbuilding, and fishing, colony imported few indentured srvants or enslaved africans
69
virginia vs. massachusetts
relations with indians
VR- began by establishing powerful relations with Powhatan Confederacy, but land and cultural conflicts ledd to a series of wars -) defeated by power and dises powhatan bec,e marginal practice
MA- began by stablishing peacful relations with native, but land and culture conflicts led to series in wars -) defested in battle bc disases natives people shrunk
70
sugar plantations
required large fields, costly equipments, and a huge labor force working under strict supervision
combination of sugar and slavery fuled the rapid expansion of a transatlantic trading network
west indian planters devoted almost al their land to cultivating sugar cane
71
spanish interaction with natives
multiple labourers from large empires
conquisadores conqured
SUBJEGATED AMERICAN INDIANS
72
english interation with natives AT FIRST
didnt settle with large empires so less labour force than spanish
beggining both lived peacfully with eachohter (didnt last as population gre and took more land)
FORCED AMERICAN INDIANS OUT
73
Metacom's war/King Phillips War
metacom cheif of natives so he allied with other natives to attack english and in retaliation brittishcalled upon mohawk indians their allies
74
NE amount of enslaved africans
far smaller so had less
75
middle colonies amount of enslaved africans
similar to NE but in port cities had more so a bit more
76
Chesepeke and souther colonies amount of enslaved africans
more slaves because plantation sytem
77
british west indies amount of enslaved africans
most slaves
78
chattle slavery
enslaved people were on level of farm tool/domesticated animals
79
slave laws
legally defines african labourers as chattel
slavery passed by generation
laws became harsher as time
80
african slave resistance
COVERT:
practiced cultural customs
maintained belief systems
spoke native languages
kept naming practices
slowed work
OVERT:
stono rebellion enslaved men killed white people and burned plantations as marched on stono river more slaves came
81
king georges war
general impressement of colonial men and americans rioted
82
3 G's
gold glory god
83
Aztec
Aztec
Central america
Tenochtitlan = 20,000
Irrigation
84
Maya
Maya
Yucatan peninsula
Stone temples
85
Inca
Andes mountains(today peru)
Massive
Cultivation of fertile mountains valleys that grew potatoes and other crops
86
Maize
Maize spread north and this supported economic development
87
SW`
Southwest
Pueblo
Present day new mexico/arizona
Sedentary (stay in one place)
Farmers of maize
Cliff dwellers
88
Great Plains
Great Plains
Nomadic
Hunter Gather
Need lot of land
Ute: lived this life style
Hunt for buffalo
89
Pacific NW
Pacific NW
Fishing villages
Ex. Chinook used cedar trees to make giant plank houses which housed a lot
90
Mississippi River Valley
More complex societes larger bc fertile soil surrounding river meant people could stay put an agricultuarlly support themselves
Ex. Hopewell: trade extensive
Ex. Cahokia trade extensive
91
Northeast
Iroquis: grew crops maize, beans, lived in long houses
