Unit 4 Flashcards

Question

Doctrine of Nullification/South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Answer 1

VP John C Calhoun anonymouslt responded to tariff of abominations by writing this. drew up states' rights, insisted union was a compact of soverign states, argued when federal law exceeded the powers of congress, a state could declare the law null and void withing their own borders

Answer 2

After SC repudiated the Tariff of Abombinations (lef by Calhoun's writing) Jackson was angry and called nullififcation an impractical absurtity then demanded congress to pass a Force Bill which authorized him to use the army to enforce federal laws in South Carolina Clay proposed a new compromise tariff that gradually reduced duties over the next ten years - SC rescinded its nullification ordinance

Answer 3

1830 passed by congress removed all indians east of the mississippi to an "indian territory" where they would be "permanently" housed

Answer 4

cherokee legally challenged jacksons removal order chief justice marshall uphel the cherokee nations legal right to their land

Answer 5

jackson defied courts decison to worcester v. georgia and pushed forward with his policy of moving the remaining eastern tribes west of the Mississippi In 1838, 7000 tripps began a forcible evacuation of 17,000 cherokee from their homes one fourth of cherokees died from disease and exhaustion on an 800 mile route (trail of tears)

Answer 6

second bank of US was in Philidelphia included main office and manu branches in cities across nation Jackson and followers called the bank a monster that concentrated special financial advantages in the hands of a few privleged people jackson vetoed bill in 1832 that would have recharterd the bank in 1836

Answer 7

jacksons war against bank was a key role in creation of the two-party system Jacksons party opposed the bank while the Whigs (which included many former federalists) supported it state-charterded bank flourished without banks restraining policies - often ran poorly managed officals these "pet banks" flooded the countrey with paper currency

Answer 8

MAIN THING: JACKSONS INDIAN REMOVAL ACT AND BANK VETO LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE WHIG PARTY AND THE BEGGINING OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM kind andrew the first

Answer 9

democratic convention elected Matin Van Buren elected for presidency still not fully organized whigs did not have a convention: led 3 candidiates (hoping to throw the election to House of reps) this failed as Van Buren won

Answer 10

during campaing, benifetted from economic boom during jacksons secon term once he took office 2 monthes later sudden drop in cotom prices as awll as a failure of the whear crop created a financial panic

Answer 11

democrats run Van Buren Whigs nominate william henry harrison - emphasized his victory over indians in battle of tippecanoe and blamed van bruin for contiual economic slup Harrison won adopted log cabin and hard cider as campaign symbols to connect with common man (first modern election both parties campaigned to masses)

Answer 12

supported a strong federal government, a loose construction of the constituion, the second national bank, and Clay's American system opposed andrew jackson, indian removal, and wester expansion key leaders: Henry Clay and Daniel Webster support from small buisnessmen, professionals, manufacturer, and some southern planters

Answer 13

supported states's rights, strict construction of the constitution, indian removal, and wester expansion opposed second national bank and federal support for clays american system key leaders: jackson and van buren supporters: irish immigrants poor farmers in north and midwest, small planters in south, and "common man"

Answer 14

cotton gin which enabled slaves to clean fifty times as much cotton as could be done by hand revolutionized southern economy quickly became Americas most valuable cash crop by 1840s accounter for over half the value of americans exports

Answer 15

vast region of fertile land from GA to Louisiana known as black belt produced 2/3 of the worlds supply of cotton

Answer 16

as south became comitted to one crop cotton economy also became comitted to slavery presence of slavery discouraged immigrants to moving to the South souths relicance on cottona and slaves and its slow rates of industrialization and urbanization removed it from the dynamic innocations taking place in North and West

Answer 17

4 percent of souths adult white male population small but powerful of men who owned more than half of all the slave

Answer 18

majority of white families in South were independent yeoman farmers who owned very few if any slaves

Answer 19

as many as 25 to 40 percent of white southerners were unskilled labourer who owned no land or slaves still shared sense of white suprepmacy

Answer 20

congress outlawed african slave trade in 1808 domestic slave trade uprooted countless families - despite forced seperation slaved maintained strong kinship while creating a distinct african american culutre (Ex. spiritual songs)

Answer 21

tried to escape when they could slave revolts were infrequent would slow pace of work, damage equipment and feign illnesses

Answer 22

during late 1700s southerners referred to slavery as a "necessary evil" early 1830s referred to slavery as a "positive good" - arguments that slaves benifeted from a paternalistic instituition argued "well-cared for" slaves had better lives than wage slaves working in textile mills in NE planters worned that slavery was vital to the souths and nations economy - vowed to resist attept to iterfere with their "peculiar institution" this view contributed to increases sectonal tension between the North and South

Answer 23

steel-tipped plow: sharp and durable enough to slice through Midwestern soil mechanical horse drawn reaper: harvests 12 acres of wheat a day (1831)

Answer 24

federal govt begain to finance construction of the national road in 1811- completed in 1837 (620 mile road) national road vast improvment over wilderness trails, but land travel waas still difficult, slow and expensive

Answer 25

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Answer 26

1807, Fulton proced steam could prope; a ship with his steamship Clermont - steamboats quickly became a commong sight in east coast harbors revolutionized trade on mississippi river

Answer 27

use of steam power revolutionized land travel in 1820s, British engineers succsfullt built Liverpool-Manchester Railway which inspired buisness leaders in baltimore to finance a pioneering railroad line these railroads were cheaper and faster means of moving passengers than canals

Answer 28

canals, railroads, and steamboats all shortened travel time enabling newa to travel more quickly

Answer 29

allowes instant communications over vast distances telegraphs poles ran along side railroad trackks linking the nation with the help of railroads like never before

Answer 30

new networks of transportation enambled merchants, farmers, and planters to reach consumers in other markers of the country "market revolution" refers to creation of a national economy that linked regions and people who were previously unable to access such a large market

Answer 31

Northeast- accelerated rate of industrial growth, created close trading relationship between NE and Midwest, create wealthy class of urban capatilists Midwest- accelerated the migration of settlers into Midwest, increased the producion of cash crop such as whaeat and corn South- extended plantation system based upon cotton and slavery southward slowed pace of urbanization and industrialization MORE FACTORY

Answer 32

cotton gin, reaper, and growing use of steamships and railroads created an agricultural revolution in S while new technlogoies supurred the rise of the factory system in New England

Answer 33

Lowell build model factory in a village renamed Lowwell designed to acoid the drab conditions of English mill towns, lowell feature clean redbrick factories and dorms - he hired young fram women to work and live in model town- worked 12 hours a day 6 days a week, lived together in boarding houses under eye of older women who enforced church attendance and rule following worked well at first in 1834 and 1836 owners cut wages without reducing hours, women went on strike and was unseccesfull, strike convinced owners female workers are too troublsome so increasinglyt hired poor irish immigrants who were pouring into MA

Answer 34

production of shoes and guns

Answer 35

NYC became first city in America to boast a population of more than a million people

Answer 36

slowed dramarically

Answer 37

during this, 5 million people immigrated to america two thirds came from ireland and germany (other from england and scandinavia)

Answer 38

desperate living conditions in ireland made madd immigration inevitable (blight destroyed potatoe crops killing 1 million irish from starvation and diseas) most in NE port cities most forced to work lowest paying/unskilled jobs supported democrats (common mane)

Answer 39

political instablility and economic unrest prompted germans to immigrate most in rural areas in Midwest very diverse group - included exiled political refugees and displaced farmers majority were protestants

Answer 40

nativist or anti foreign reaction posted - no irish need aply convinced irish would never form in american life Ex. group known as Know-Nothing demanded laws that would allow onlt native-born Americans to hold political office Know-nothing marked beggining reoccuring pattern of nativist opposition to immigration

Answer 41

during early 1800s a new wave of intense religious feeling swpt across country, thpusands of people attended emotionally charged camp meetings featuring appeals to faith and conversion freed protestants from Calvinist doctrine( predestination). instead a loving God granted people free will and therefore the freedom to do good.

Answer 42

central and western NY became known as "Burned Over District" because of fervent revivals in region

Answer 43

predominatly a christian movment that altered religion landscapes Baptist and Methodits churches surged birthed distinctive black church in america

Answer 44

sponsered many reform in MA including a longer school year, higher pay for teachers, larger public school system

Answer 45

early advocate for women's education

Answer 46

launched crsade to create special hospitals for the mentally ill

Answer 47

widespread campaign to convince americans to consume less alcohol (demon rum) WORKED

Answer 48

founded in 1817, ACS advocated for the gradual abolition of slavery combined with the goal of returning free slaves to Africa (many still openlt racist and did not believe blacks could not be integrated into America Society) Liberia founded on west coast of africa by them for freed slaves to go but a bunch didnt want to go ebcause didnt see africa as homne

Answer 49

reformer who first went with ACS's gradual approach to ending slavery but became a radical abolitionist who believed slavery was sinful and cruel and should immidietly be abolished Creayed the Liberator - antislavery newspaper cofounded American Anti-slavery Society

Answer 50

escaped from bondage Narrative of the life of fredrich douglas

Answer 51

could still not vote, hold office, were denied rights to own or manage property, form contracts home became appropriate women

Answer 52

A prevailing view among upper and middle class women According to these ideals, women were supposed to embody perfect virtues in all senses. The virtues were piety, purity, submission, and domesticity. They were seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Answer 53

during 1830s and 40s many women dedicated themselves to working for abolition of slavery Elizabeth Cady Stantona and Lucretia Mott, a small group of feminists realized they were also a victim of injustice - antislavery mivment spakred a DEMAND for equal rights for women stanton and mott hald convention to meet in Seneca falls to discuss injustices wrote declaration of setiments and resolutions written primarly by stanton - used we hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created ewual

Answer 54

jefferson franklin and other leading late 18th century were Deists during 1820s and 30s artists and writers started romantic movment putting emphasis on emption from second great awakening emphasis on intense expression of feelings

Answer 55

transcendatalists were a small but influential group of writers and thinkers believed that God live within each indivisual. each person possessed an inner soull or spirit and thus a capacity to find spiritual truth find truth in nature

Answer 56

America's first native school of art. members concentrated on painting landscapes that portrayed America's naturaul beauty