Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior upper thoracic aperture
A
Manubrium
2
Q
Lateral upper thoracic aperature (inlet)
A
Medial margin of rib 1
3
Q
Posterior upper thoracic aperture (inlet)
A
T1 vertebra
4
Q
Membrane present at the thoracic inlet
A
Suprapleural membrane
5
Q
Contents of the thoracic inlet (7) IMPORTANT TO KNOW
A
Apex of lungs Brachiocephalic artery and veins Subclavian arteries and veins Trachea Esophagus Vagus and phrenic nerves Sympathetic trunk
6
Q
Lower thoracic outlet anteriorly, anterolaterally, posterlaterally, and posteriorly
A
Xiphoid process
Costal margin
End of rib 11 and rib 12
Body of t12
7
Q
Thoracic outlet is closed by:
A
Diaphragm
8
Q
Joints of the thoracic ribs IMPORTANT TO KNOW
A
Manubriosternal joint (symphysis/2ndary cartilaginous) Xiphisternal joint (2ndary cartilaginous/symphysis) Sternocostal (1st- primary cartilaginous/syncondrosis, 2nd-7th: synovial) Interchondral joints (7th to 10th: small synovial) Costovertebral joints (costocorporeal joint and costotransverse joint)
9
Q
Which side of the diaphragm is higher? Why?
A
Right side- liver is pushing this up and heart on the left is pushing it down
10
Q
Diaphragm domes support the ______.
A
Lungs
11
Q
Fibrous portion of the pericardium intermingles with the ______ of the diaphragm
A
Central tendon
12
Q
Sternal part of the diaphram:
A
Xiphoid process
13
Q
Costal part of the diaphragm
A
Costal margin
Ends of ribs 11 and 12
14
Q
Vertebral parts of the diaphragm
A
Lumbar vertebrae
Crura
Arcuate ligaments (medial and lateral)
15
Q
Medial arcuate ligament overarcs the :
A
Psoas major
16
Q
The lateral arcuate ligament overarcs the
A
Quadratics lumborum
17
Q
Insertion of the diaphragm
A
Central tendon lies at the level of the xiphisternal joint
Pericardium blends with pericardial fibers
18
Q
nerve supply to the diaphragm
A
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5, runs down along the lateral side of the pericardium. Left side spreads across the diaphragm, right side passes through the diaphragm to innervate the other side)
C3 4 5 keeps your diaphragm alive
19
Q
Functions of the diaphragm
A
Prime muscle of inspiration
Muscles of abdominal straining
Weight lifting
Thoracic-abdominal pump
20
Q
Vena caval opening is found:
It contains:
A
T8, present in the central tendon
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve branches
21
Q
Esophageal opening is located:
It contains:
A
T10, present in the muscular part
Esophagus and right & left vagus nerves
22
Q
Vagus nerve is typically more ____ than the phrenic nerve
A
Medial
23
Q
When the hiatus is not keeping the stomach in place, causing it to slide:
A
Hiatal hernia
24
Q
Hiatal hernia more common in:
Cause:
A
women, people overweight, people over 50
Cause: congenital, increased pressure
25
Types of hiatal hernias
Type 1- sliding hernia (most common)
Type 2, 3 and 4- paraesophogeal hernia
26
Aortic opening location
Contents:
T12- behind the posterior attachment of the diaphragm along the vertebral column
Contents:
Aorta and thoracic duct (starting with the Cysterna chyli)
27
Region that is external to the anterior thoracic wall. Anchors the upper limb to the trunk
Pectoral region
28
Pectoral region consists of what’s 2 compartments? List what is in the compartment
```
Superficial compartment (skin, superficial fascia and breast)
Deep compartment (muscles and associates structures)
```
29
Nerve supply of the anterior thoracic wall:
Supraclavicular nerves
| Intercostal nerves
30
Nerve supply of the posterior thoracic wall:
Posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
31
Supraclavicular nerves origin and branches (3)
Originate from C3 and C4 of the cervical plexus
Branches:
Medial infraclavicular region
(Intermediate) Pectoral and deltoid regions
(Lateral) Upper and posterior shoulder
32
Location of the breasts
Lies in superficial fascia anterior to pectoralis major
Extends vertically from ribs 2 to 6
Extends transversely from sternum to mid-axillary line
33
Innervation of breasts
Intercostal nerves 2-6
34
Mammary gland has _____ lobes. It contains: (3)
15-20 lobes
Contents:
Glandular tissue
Lactiferous ducts (opens onto the nipple)
Connective tissue
35
Suspensory ligaments run from ______ to ________
Dermis of the skin to deep fascia
36
Hormone responsible for milk production
Prolactin
37
Hormone responsible for milk ejection
Oxytocin
38
Lateral arterial supply of breast
2nd to 4th intercostal arteries
39
Intermediate arterial supply of the breast
Axillary arteries- Thoracoacromial artery and Lateral thoracic artery
40
Medial arterial breast supply
Internal thoracic artery- mammary branches
41
Lymphatic nodes of the breast
Anterior axillary nodes (receives 75% of lymph)
Internal thoracic nodes (parasternal)
Intercostal nodes
42
Muscles of the pectoral region
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
43
Posterior thoracic all components
Twelve thoracic vertebrae
| Intervertebral discs
44
Lateral thoracic wall
12 ribs
3 flat muscles (intercostal spaces)
Intercostal vein, artery and nerve
45
Anterior thoracic wall component
Sternum
46
Muscles of the thoracic wall
```
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Subcostales
Transversus thoracis
```
47
intercostal active during inspiration
External intercostal
48
Intercostal muscle active during expiration
Internal
49
Thoracic wall muscles that span multiple ribs
Subcostales
50
Thoracic wall muscles that secure internal thoracic vessels to the wall- anterior
Transversus thoracis
51
Actions of intercostal muscles
Support intercostal spaces during breathing
| Pulls ribs nearer to one another
52
Contents of the intercostal spaces
External, internal, and innermost intercostal
Subcostales
Transverse thoracis
Intercostal vein, artery , and nerve (in that order)
53
Artery that enters rectus sheath and supplies rectus muscles to umbilicus
Superior epigastric artery
54
Artery that supplies diaphragm
| Origin for lower anterior intercostal arteries
Musculophrenic artery
55
Arteries that connect with posterior intercostal arteries
Anterior intercostal arteries
56
Artery that accompanies phrenic nerve and supplies pericardium
Pericardiophrenic artery
57
Artery that supplies anterior mediastinum (thymus)
Mediastinal artery
58
What does the internal thoracic vein drain into?
brachiocephalic vein
59
Anterior intercostal arteries and their origin
```
Internal thoracic artery (origin for 1-6)
Musculophrenic artery (origin for 7-10)
```
60
Posterior intercostal arteries
```
Subclavian artery (costocervical trunk and superior thoracic artery. Origin for superior 2 posterior IC arteries)
Thoracic aorta (origin for lower 9 posterior IC arteries)
```
61
Anterior intercostal veins and where they drain
Musculophrenic vein and internal thoracic vein
| -drain into brachiocephalic veins on both sides
62
Posterior intercostal veins and where they drain into
Azygos vein- right side, drains into superior vena cava
Hemiazygos vein- left side, drains into azygos vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
63
Branches of the intercostal nerves
```
Anterior cutaneous branch
Lateral cutaneous branch
Collateral branch
Muscular branches
Pleural sensory branches
Peritoneal sensory branches
Contribution to brachial plexus (T1)
Lateral cutaneous branch of T2 (intercostobrachial nerve)
Anterior rami of T1-T11
Anterior rami of T12 (subcostal nerve- inferior to rib)
```
64
Sternal angle
T4/T5
65
Sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels. Lies in the ____ ______.
Fibrous sac
Middle mediastinum
66
```
Pericardium attached to central tendon of diaphragm
Fused to great vessel’ adventitious
________ ligament (fibers of the fibrous sac)
```
Fibrous pericardium
Sternopericardial ligament
67
Pericardium that is the parietal layer
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer (epicardium)
Serous pericardium
68
Serous pericardium layers has _____(#) layer(s) of cells that are:
1
| Simple squamous
69
Thickest side of the heart
Left
70
Nerve supply to the pericardium
Phrenic nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Vagus nerve
71
When fluid in the pericardial sac builds up and puts pressure on the heart
Cardiac Tamponade
72
Posterior nerve supply to the pericardium
Sympathetic
73
Medial nerve to pericardium
Vagus
74
Anterior nerve to the pericardium
Phrenic nerve
75
Anterior (sternocostal) surface
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
76
Right pulmonary surface of the heart
Right atrium
77
Left pulmonary surface of the heart
```
Left ventricle
Left atrium (small part)
```
78
Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface
```
Left ventricle (mainly)
Right ventricle
Posterior intercentricular sulcus
```
79
Posterior surface of the heart (base)
```
Left atrium (mainly)
Right atrium (small part)
Proximal parts of great veins (SVC, IVC, Pulmonary veins)
```
80
Depression surfaces on the heart
External soul I
81
Sulcus that circles the heart. Separates atria from ventricles
Coronary sulcus
82
Sulcus present on the anterior surface, and on the diaphragmatic surface
Separates the left and right ventricles
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
83
Upper limbs, head and necks, thoracic cage vein drains into
Superior vena cava
84
Smooth surface where the superior and inferior vena cava come together to
Sinus of vena Cavan
85
Internal ridge inside the right atrium.
Crusts terminalis
86
External groove where the crystal terminalis is located internally
Sulcus terminalis cordis
87
Properties of the right atrium
Atrium proper
Sinus of vena cavae
Sulcus terminalis cordis
Crystal terminalis
88
Space anterior to crystal terminalis
Derived from the embryonic primitive atrium
Musculophrenic pectinate (pectinate muscle)
Atrium proper
89
What will you find in the interatrial septum?
```
Fossa ovalis
Annulus ovalis (limbus fossa ovalis)
```
90
Openings in the right atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrioventricular orifice (where right AV valve/tricuspid is)
Opening to the coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac vein (drain into right atrium as well)
91
In right ventricle
Muscular, irregular structures on the inflow portion
Papillary muscles, connected to the
Chordae tendineae, connected to the cusps
***IMPORTANT***
Trabeculae carneae
92
In right ventricle
Smooth walls of the outflow tract- to keep blood flow from being turbulent.
Derived from embryonic bulbus cordis
***IMPORTANT***
Infundibulum (conus arteriosus)
93
In right atrioventricular orifice
3 cusps
Apex of each cusp gives attachment to chordae tendineae
Tricupsid valve
94
3 semilunar valve
Pulmonary valve
95
Forms the base of the heart No sulcus terminalis cordis
| No crista terminalis
Left atrium
96
Part of the left atrium that Has smooth walls
| Receives pulmonary veins
Posterior part
97
Part of left atrium that contains musculi pectinati
Anterior part
98
What is present in the left ventricle
Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae, and
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
99
Smooth outflow tract near the aorta
| Derived from embryonic bulbus cordis
Aortic vestibule
100
What comes off of the ascending aorta?
Coronary arteries
| Right comes off of the right cusp and left from the left cusp
101
Opening of the aorta
| 3 semilunar cusps
Aortic valve
102
Opening of the right and left coronary arteries
Coronary ostium.
103
Branches of right coronary artery
```
Atrial branch (goes to atrium at the SA node)
Right marginal branch
Posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending artery- PDA)
```
104
Branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending artery- LAD)
Circumflex branch
105
Marginal branch runs:
Down the side of the heart, into the posterior interventricular sulcus
106
Biggest supply to the left ventricle
Left anterior descending artery
107
Coronary artery most commonly blocked, causing a heart attack
Left anterior descending artery- AKA Widow Maker
108
Venous drainage
Anterior cardiac veins
| Coronary sinus
109
Veins of the coronary sinus
Study locations
Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Posterior cardiac vein
110
Posterior sulcus into coronary sinus vein
Small cardiac vein
111
Vein runs with posterior ventricular artery
Posterior cardiac vein
112
Cardiac conduction system
```
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
```
113
Node by superior vena cave and atrial border.
Has leaky sodium channels
No complete resting potential here.
Depolarizers atria
Sinoatrial node (SA node)- pacemaker of the heart
114
Look into atrial syncytium
Atrial syncytium
115
Cardiac skeleton
Insulation system of the nodes
116
AKA Bundle of His
AV Bundle
117
Ventricles should contract from:
Apex up
118
Pulmonary trunk
Carries blood into right and left artery
119
Remains of ductus arteriosum
Ligamentum arteriosum
120
Ascending aorta begins:
| It ends:
Aortic valve
Sternal angle (T4/T5)
121
Branches of ascending aorta
Right and left coronary
