Unit 1 - Chapter 16 - Skin

Question 1

what does integrument mean

Answer 1

covering

Question 2

what makes up the integumentary system

Answer 2

skin and its accessory organs (hair, nails, glands)

Question 3

what are the 4 functions of the integumentary system

Answer 3

• protective membrane of the body
• production of important secretions
• its nerve fibers are receptors for sensations
• different tissues maintain body temperature

Question 4

what are the 3 layers of the skin (top to bottom) and describe each one

Answer 4

• epidermis is a thin, cellular membrane layer containing keratin
• dermis is a dense fibrous connective tissue layer containing collagen
• subcutaneous later is a thick fat containing layer

Question 5

epidermis

what is it composed of and what do their cells look like

Answer 5

squamous epithelium
- flat and scale like

Question 6

epidermis

what are the cells in the outr layer arranged like

Answer 6

• in several layers to form stratified squamous epithelium

Question 7

epidermis

what does it lack and what is it dependant on

Answer 7

• lacks blood/lymphatic vessels and connective tissues
• dependant on the deeper dermis and its capillaries for nourishment

Question 8

epidermis

what is the deepest layer called

Answer 8

• basal layer

Question 9

epidermis

what happens in the basal layer as the cells divide

Answer 9

• they are pushed upwards away from the blood supply of the dermal layer
• cells flatten, shrink and lose their nuclei and die, becoming filled with keratin

Question 10

epidermis

what are keratin cells called

Answer 10

keratinocytes

Question 11

epidermis

what other cells does it contain that provide pigment

Answer 11

melanocytes that provide melanin

Question 12

epidermis

explain how people have darker skin

Answer 12

• their melanocytes contain more melanin, but they have the same number of melanocytes as everyone else

Question 13

epidermis

what is the condition called when someone cant form melanin

Answer 13

albinism

Question 14

epidermis

what is the difference between oculocutaneous albinism and ocular albinism

Answer 14

• oculocutaneous albinism affects eyes, hair and skin
• ocular albinism onky affects the eyes

Question 15

dermis

what is it composed of

Answer 15

blood vessels , lymph/nerve fibers, accessory organs of the skin

Question 16

dermis

what are the 2 things connective tissue cells and fibers responsible for

Answer 16

• extensibility and elasticity of the skin

Question 17

dermis

what is elastin

Answer 17

protein that is elastic and helps skin to return to its original position when pinched and poked

Question 18

dermis

what are collagen fibers

Answer 18

fibrous protein material found in bone, cartillage, tendons, ligaments and the skin

Question 19

dermis

how is collagen different in infants and older people

Answer 19

• it’s soft in babies and harder in older people

Question 20

dermis

what are diseases called that effecct the connective tissues

Answer 20

collagen vascular diseases

Question 21

dermis

what is scleroderma

Answer 21

when the immune system attacks and damages healthy tissue, leading to abnormal buildup of collagen and tight, thick skin

Question 22

subcutaneous layer

what does this layer specialize in

Answer 22

the formation of fat

Question 23

subcutaneous layer

what types of cells does this layer contain and what do they do

Answer 23

• adipocytes
• manufacture and store large quanitites of fat

Question 24

what is a hair fiber composed of

Answer 24

cells filled with keratin

Question 25

what is located at the root of the hair follicule and what do they do

Answer 25

- melanocytes - donate hair pigment to the cells of the hair fiber

Question 26

nails what are they composed of

Answer 26

hard keratin plates covering the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger

Question 27

nails what is the lunula

Answer 27

semilumar half moon shaped whitish region at the base of the nail plate

Question 28

nails what is the cuticle

Answer 28

a narrow band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

Question 29

nails what is the paronuchium

Answer 29

soft tissue surrounding the nail border

Question 30

nails what is onycholysis

Answer 30

loosening of the nail plate with seperation from the nail bed

Question 31

glands where are sebaceous gland located and what do they do

Answer 31

- in the dermal layer of the skin all over the body (asides from the hands, feet and lips) - secrete sebum which lubricates the skin and minimizes water loss

Question 32

glands what are sweat glands

Answer 32

tiny coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces

Question 33

glands what is sweat made of

Answer 33

almost pure water, with less then 1% of salt

Question 34

glands what the the odor produced from when it comes to sweat

Answer 34

- the bacteria on the sweat that accumulates on the skin

Question 35

glands expand on apocrine sweat glands

Answer 35

- found near the armpits and reproductive organs - secrete an odorless sweat containing substances easilt broken down by bacteria on the skin

Question 36

albin/o

Answer 36

white

Question 37

anthrac/o

Answer 37

black

Question 38

chlor/o

Answer 38

green

Question 39

cirrh/o

Answer 39

tawny yellow

Question 40

cyan/o

Answer 40

blue

Question 41

eosin/o

Answer 41

rosy

Question 42

erythr/o

Answer 42

red

Question 43

jaund/o

Answer 43

yellow

Question 44

leuk/o

Answer 44

white

Question 45

lute/o

Answer 45

yellow

Question 46

melan/o

Answer 46

black

Question 47

poli/o

Answer 47

gray

Question 48

xanth/o

Answer 48

yellow

Question 49

adip/o

Answer 49

fat

Question 50

caus/o

Answer 50

burn, burning

Question 51

cauter/o

Answer 51

heat, burn

Question 52

cutane/o

Answer 52

skin

Question 53

derm/o or dermat/o

Answer 53

skin

Question 54

erythem/o or erthemat/o

Answer 54

redness

Question 55

hidr/o

Answer 55

sweat

Question 56

ichthy/o

Answer 56

dry, scaly

Question 57

kerat/o

Answer 57

hard

Question 58

lip/o

Answer 58

fat

Question 59

myc/o

Answer 59

fungus

Question 60

onych/o

Answer 60

nails

Question 61

phyt/o

Answer 61

plant

Question 62

pil/o

Answer 62

hair

Question 63

py/o

Answer 63

pus

Question 64

rhytid/o

Answer 64

wrinkle

Question 65

seb/o

Answer 65

sebum

Question 66

squam/o

Answer 66

scale like

Question 67

trich/o

Answer 67

hair

Question 68

ungu/o

Answer 68

nail

Question 69

xer/o

Answer 69

dry

Question 70

define a crust

Answer 70

collection of dried serum and cellular debris

Question 71

define a cyst

Answer 71

thick walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or smisolid material

Question 72

define a erosion

Answer 72

wearing away or loss of epidermis

Question 73

define a fissure

Answer 73

groove or crack like sore

Question 74

define a macule

Answer 74

flat, pigmented lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diameter

Question 75

define a nodule

Answer 75

solid/round/oval elevated lesion 1 cm or more in diameter

Question 76

define a papule

Answer 76

small solid elevation on the skin

Question 77

define a pustule

Answer 77

papule containing pus

Question 78

define an ulcer

Answer 78

open sore on the skin or mucous membrane

Question 79

define a vesicle

Answer 79

small collection of clear fluis; blister

Question 80

define a wheal

Answer 80

smooth, swollen papule or plaque that is centrally redder than the surrounding skin

Question 81

define alopecia

Answer 81

absence of hair from areas where it normally grows

Question 82

define alopecia areta

Answer 82

autoimmune disease in which hair falls out in round patched without scarring or inflammation

Question 83

define ecchymosis

Answer 83

blue purple bruise on the skin

Question 84

define petechia

Answer 84

small pinpoint hemorrhage

Question 85

define pruritus

Answer 85

itching

Question 86

define bullous pemphigoid

Answer 86

rare autoimmune skin condiiton causing large fluid filled blisters

Question 87

define burns

Answer 87

injury to tissue caused by heat contact

Question 88

define cellulitis

Answer 88

acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain and swelling

Question 89

define eczema

Answer 89

skin diseases with lesions

Question 90

define exanthematous viral diseases

Answer 90

rash on the skin due to viral infection

Question 91

define gangrene

Answer 91

death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply

Question 92

define impetigo

Answer 92

bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles and crusted over lesions

Question 93

define psoriasis

Answer 93

itchy scaly red plaques covered by silvery gray scales

Question 94

define scabies

Answer 94

contagious parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus

Question 95

define scleroderma

Answer 95

chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue

Question 96

define systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 96

chronic autoimmune inflammatory isease of collagen in skin, joints and internal organs

Question 97

define tinea

Answer 97

infection of the skin caused by a fungus

Question 98

define hives

Answer 98

allergic reaction in which read wheals develop on the skin

Question 99

define vitiligo

Answer 99

loss of pigment in areas of the skin

Question 100

define callus

Answer 100

increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction

Question 101

define keloid

Answer 101

thickened scar after trauma or surgical incision

Question 102

define karatosis

Answer 102

thickened and rough lesions of the epidermis

Question 103

define leukoplakia

Answer 103

white thickened patches on the tongue or cheek

Question 104

define nevus

Answer 104

pigmented lesion

Question 105

define verruca

Answer 105

epidermal wart caused by a virus

Question 106

define basal cell carcinoma

Answer 106

cancerous tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis

Question 107

define squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 107

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis

Question 108

define malignant melanoma

Answer 108

cancerous growth composed of melanocytes

Question 109

define bacterial analyses

Answer 109

samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms

Question 110

define fungal tests

Answer 110

scraping from lesions, hair or nails are sent to a lab for culture/microscopic identification of fungal infection

Question 111

define cyrosurgery

Answer 111

use of subfreezing temp achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue

Question 112

define curettage

Answer 112

use of a sharp dermal curette to scrape away from a skin lesion

Question 113

define electrodesiccation

Answer 113

tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark

Question 114

define mohs surgery

Answer 114

thin layers of malignant tissue are removed and each slice is examined mucroscopically to check for extent of resection

Question 115

define skin biopsy

Answer 115

suspicious skin lesions are removed os sampled and examined microscopically by a pathologist

Question 116

define skin test

Answer 116

substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin and results are observed