Unit 1 - Chapter 21 - Pharmacology Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
what are drugs
A
substances that are used to prevent or treat a disease or condition
2
Q
what are 3 ways that drugs are obtained from
A
- plants
- molds
- animals
3
Q
what happens to most drugs
A
they are synthesized (made) for commercial purposes in a lab
4
Q
what are vitamins
A
drugs that occur naturally in plant/animal sources and are contained in foods
5
Q
what does a pharmacist do
A
prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy on a written order from a doctor
6
Q
what is a pharmD
A
a degree that stands for doctor of pharmacy
7
Q
what does a pharmacy technician do
A
helps pharmacists provide medications to patients
8
Q
what is pharmacology
A
the study of the discovery, properties, and uses of drugs
9
Q
what is a pharmacologist
A
a MD or someone with a PhD who specialized in the study of medicines
10
Q
what are the subdivisions of pharmacology
A
medicinal chemistry
pharmacodynamics
pharmacokinetics
molecular pharmacology
chemotherapy
toxicology
11
Q
what is medical chemistry
A
the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects
12
Q
what is pharmacodynamics
A
the study of a drugs effect on its target in the body
13
Q
what is pharmacokinetics
A
study of a drugs absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism and excretion over a period of time
14
Q
what is molecular pharmacology
A
the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA and enzymes
15
Q
what is chemotherapy
A
the study of drugs that destroy infectious microorganisms
16
Q
what is toxicology
A
the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body
17
Q
what are antidotes
A
substances that prevent or reverse the unwanted effects of drugs
18
Q
explain what the chemical name of a drug means
A
the exact chemical makeup of the drug
19
Q
explain what the generic name of a drug means
A
the shorter and less complicated name that identifies the drug legally and scientifically
20
Q
what is unique about the generic name of a drug
A
- it becomes public property after 17 years of use by the public manufacturer
- there is only one generic name for each drug
21
Q
explain what the brand name of a drug means
A
it’s a name that private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor can use it
- usually has a subscript behind the name
22
Q
what does the fda stand for and what do they do
A
- stands for food and drug administration
- they set standards and decide/approve what drugs can be sold/distributed
23
Q
what does the USP stand for and what do they do
A
- stands for united stated pharmacopie
- they review drugs and reappraise their effectiveness in medical conditions
24
Q
what is the hospital formulary
A
- a reference found in a hospital/library of drugs
- gives characteristics and their usage
25
what does the PDR stand for and what is it
- stands for physicians desk reference
- it's a reference guide that is published by a private form that companied pay to have their products listed in
- it lists the drugs properties, side effects and info about dosage and administration
26
what is oral administration
when drugs are given by mouth that dissolve in the fluid of the stomach or intenstinal tract
27
what is sublingual adminstration
- when drugs are placed under the tongue to dissolve in the saliva
28
what is rectal administration
when suppositories are inserted into the rectum
29
what is parenteral administration
when drugs are administered from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein or body cavity
30
what are the 6 different types of parenteral injections
- intracavitary instillation
- intradermal injection
- subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
- intramuscular injection
- intrathecal instillation
- intravenous injection
31
what is a intracavitary instillation
an injection that is made into a body cavity such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
32
what is a intradermal injection
an injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin
33
what is a subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
a small hypodermic needle that goes into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin
34
what is a intramuscular injection
an injection that goes into a muscle such as into the buttock or uper arm
35
what is a intrathecal instillation
an injection that goes into the space under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
36
what is a intravenous injection
an injection that goes into a vein
37
what is inhalation of a drug
drugs that are administered through the nose of mouth and are absorbed through the thin wall of air saces in the lungs
38
what is topical application of a drug
when a drug is administered by applying it locally on the skin or mucous membranes
39
what are transdermal patches
used to deliver drugs continously through the skin
40
what is a receptor
what a drug interacts with that produces the effect
41
what is a dose
the amount of a drug administered, usually in mg or g
42
what is a schedule
the dose, timing and frequency of drug administration
43
what is an additive action
when the combo of 2 similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
44
what does antagonistic mean
when 2 drugs give less then an additive action
45
what is synergism
when a combo of 2 drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effecs of each drug given alone
46
what is a response
the desired and beneficial effect of a drug
47
what does tolerence mean
when the effect of a given dose diminishes as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect
48
what are controlled substances
drugs that produce dependance and have the potential for abuse or addiction
49
what is idiosyncrasy
a unpredictable type of drug toxicity
50
what are contraindications
factors in a patients condition that make the use of a particular drug dangeous and ill-advised
51
what is drug resistance
the loss of effectiveness of a drug
52
what is a analegesic and provide examples
a drug that lessens pain
- example is narcotics and opiods
53
what is an anesthetic
an agent that reduces or elimiates sensation
54
what are antibiotics
chemical agents produced by molds or bacteria that kill bacteria
54
what are antiseptics
drugs that fight infection
55
what are antipruritics
drugs that stop itching
56
what are antibacterial drugs
drugs that interfere with the growth and reproduction of bacteria
57
what are antitubercular drugs
drugs that treat tuberculosis
58
what are antifungals
drugs that treat fungal infections
59
what are antivirals
drugs that are used against infections due to viruses
60
what are antiprotozoans
drugs that act against infections caused by protozoans
61
what are anticoagulants
drugs that prevent coagulants
62
what is heperin
a natural anticoagulant that comes from pig intestine or cow lung
63
what are antiplatelet drugs
drugs that reduce thetendency or platelets to stick together and intiate clots
64
what are anticonvulsants
drugs that prevent/reduce the frequency of convulsions
65
what are antidepressants
drugs that treat symptoms of depression
66
what are anti-alzheimer drugs
drugs used to treat alzheimer disease
67
what are antidiabetics
drugs used to treat diabetes
68
what are antihistamines
drugs that block the action of histamine
69
what are bisphosphonates
drugs that prevent bone loss
70
what are selective estrogen receptor modulators
drugs that increase bone formation
71
what are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
drugs that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve the performance of the heart and reduce its workload
72
what are angiotensin II receptor blockers
drugs that lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
73
what are antiarrhythmics
drugs that treat abnormal heart rhythms
74
what are beta blockers
drugs that slow heart rate, decrease output of the heart and reduce blood pressure
75
what are calcium channel blockers
drugs that dilare blood vessels and lower blood pressure and are used to treat arrhythmias
76
what are cardiac glycosides
drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart and are used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation
77
what are cholesterol binding drugs
drugs that bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal track
78
what are cholesterol lowering drugs
drugs that block the formation of cholesterol in the liver
79
what are diuretics
drugs that reduce the volume of blood in the body
80
what are antiandrogens
drugs that interfere with the production of androgens or with their binding in tissues
81
what are aromatase inhibitors
drugs that reduce the amount of estrogen in the blood
82
what are selective estrogen receptor modulators
drugs that block estrogen stimulating effects on breast cancer tissue
83
what are glucocorticoids
used for reduction of inflammation
84
what are antacids
drugs that neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach
85
what are antiulcer drugs
drugs that block secretion of acid by cells
86
what are antidiarrheal drugs
drugs that relieve duarrhea
87
what are cathartics
drugs that relieve constipation
88
what are antiemetics
drugs that relieve nausea and vomiting
89
what are barbiturates and benzodiazepines
drugs that sedate
90
what are stimulants
drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes
91
what are tranquilizers
drugs that control anxiety
92
aer/o
air
93
alges/o
sensitivty to pain
94
bronch/o
bronchial tube
95
chem/o
drug or chemical
96
cras/o
mixture
97
cutane/o or derm/o
skin
98
erg/o
work
99
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
100
hist/o
tissue
101
hypn/o
sleep
102
iatr/o
treatment
103
lingu/o
tongue
104
myc/o
mold, fungu
105
narc/o
stupor
106
or/o
mouth
107
pharmac/o
drug
108
prurit/o
itching
109
pyret/o
fever
110
thec/o
sheath
111
tox/o or toxic/o
poison
112
vas/o
vessel
113
ven/o
vein
114
vit/o
life
115
ana
upward, excessive, again
116
anti
against
117
contra
against, opposite
118
par
other than, apart from
119
syn
together, with
120
what does a.c. or ac stand for
before meals
121
what does ACE stand for
angiotensin-converting enzyme
122
what does ab lib mean
freely, as desired
123
what does APAP mean
acetaminophen (tylenol)
124
what does ARB mean
angiotensin II receptor blocker
125
what does b.i.d. or bid mean
two times a day
126
what does c mean
with
127
what does caps mean
capsules
128
what does cc mean
cubic centimeter
129
what does DOAC mean
direct oral anticoagulant
130
what does FDA mean
food and drug administration
131
what does gm or g mean
gram
132
what goes gtt mean
drops
133
what does h mean
hour
134
what does h.s. or hs mean
at bedtime
135
what does H2 blocker mean
histamine H2 receptor antagonist
136
what does HRT mean
hormone replacement therapy
137
what does IM mean
intramuscular
138
what does INH mean
isoniazid - antituberculosis agent
139
what does IT mean
intrathecal
140
what does IV mean
intravenous
141
what does MAOI mean
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
142
what does mg mean
milligram
143
what does ml mean
millimeter
144
what does NPO mean
nothing by mouth
145
what does NSAID mean
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
146
what does p mean
after
147
what does p.c or pc mean
after meals
148
what does PCA mean
patient-controlled analgesia
149
what does PDR mean
physicians desk reference
150
what does PICC mean
peripherally inserted central catheter
151
what does PO mean
by mouth
152
what does p.r.n. or prn mwan
as needed
153
what does pt mean
patient
154
what does q mean
every
155
what does qh mean
every hour
156
what does q2h mean
every 2 hours
157
what does qid mean
4 times a day
158
what does qs mean
sufficient quanitity
159
what does qAM mean
every morning
160
what does qPM mean
every evening
161
what does Rx mean
prescription
162
what does s mean
without
163
what does SERM mean
selective estrogen receptor modulator
164
what does sig mean
directions
165
what does SL mean
sublingual
166
what does sos mean
if it is necessary
167
what does SSRI mean
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
168
what does subQ mwan
subcutaneous
169
what does tab mean
tablet
170
what does TCA mean
tricyclic antidepressant
171
what does tid mean
three times a day
