Unit 2 - Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 types of blood vessels in the body
A
arteries
veins
capillaries
2
Q
what are arteries
A
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
3
Q
what are arteries lined with
A
lined with connective tissue, muscle tissue and elastic fibers, with an innermost layer of epithelial cells called endothelium
4
Q
endothelial cells secrete factors that effect what
A
the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, promote the growth of blood vessels
5
Q
what are smaller branches of arteries called and what do they do
A
- called arterioles
- thinner than arteries
- carry the blood to the tiniest blood vessels, the capillaries
6
Q
what are capillaries
A
tiniest blood vessels whose walls are one epithelial cell thick
7
Q
what do capillaries do
A
carry nutrient-rich oxygenated blood from the arteries and arterioles to the body cells
- thin walls allow passage of oxygen and nutrients out of the bloodstream into cells
8
Q
what happens with the waste filled blood after they aren’t used in the capillaries
A
they flow to the venules which combine to form larger vessels called veins
9
Q
what do veins do
A
they conduct blood toward the heart from the tissues
10
Q
explain the structure of veins
A
- have valves that prevent the backflow of blood and keep the blood moving in one direction
- have little elastic tissue and connective tissue, low blood pressure
11
Q
what happens to oxygen deficit blood
A
- it flows through the venae cavae on it’s way from the tissue capillaries to the heart
- then enters the right side of the heart and travels to the pulmonary artery and traveling through arteries until they reach the lung capillary
- while passing through the lung capillary the blood absorbs oxygen that enters the body during inhalation
- newly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins
12
Q
what is unusual about the pulmonary veins
A
they are the only veins that carry oxygen rich blood
13
Q
what is pulmonary circulation
A
the process of blood going through the vessels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again
14
Q
what happens with oxygenated blood
A
- enters the left side of the heart from the pulmonary veins through the aorta which divides into branches called arteries
- arteries branch into arterioles which branch into tissue capillaries which are near the body cells
- oxygen, carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, leaves the blood and passes through the thin capillary calls to enter thr body cells
15
Q
what does the carotid artery do
A
supply blood to the head and neck
16
Q
what is systemic circulation
A
the pathway of blood from the heart to the tissue capillaries and back to the heart
17
Q
how much does the human heart weigh
A
less than a pound (300-450g)
18
Q
expand on the hearts chambers
A
- there are 4
- the upper 2 are called atria
- the lower 2 are called ventricles
19
Q
expand on pump station 1 on the right side of the heart
A
- sends oxygen deficient blood to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and releases its carbon dioxide
- the newly oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart to pump station number 2 and does not mix with blood from pump station number 1
20
Q
expand on pump station 2 on the left side of the heart
A
- forces oxygenated blood out to all parts of the body
- at the body tissues, the blood loses its oxygen and on returning to the heart, to pump station 2, blood poor in oxygen is sent out to the lungs to begin the cycle again
21
Q
what is the aorta
A
largest artery in the body
22
Q
what is the apex of the heart
A
lower tip of the heart
23
Q
what is a arteriole
A
small artery
24
Q
what is a artery
A
largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
25
what is a atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them
26
what is a atrioventricular node (av node)
specialized tissue in the wall between the atria
- electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker through the av node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle or bundle of his toward the ventricles
27
what is the atrium
one of two chambers of the heart
28
what is a capillary
smallest type of blood vessel
- materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls
29
what is carbon dioxide
gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart and then to the lungs for exhalation
30
what are carotid arteries
two common carotid arteries located on each side of the neck branch from the aorta and provide blood to head, neck and brain
-
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what are coronary arteries
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle
32
what does diastole mean
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
33
what is a electrocardiogram
record of the electricity of the heart
34
what is a endocardium
inner lining of the heart
35
what is the endothelium
innermost lining of blood vessels
36
what is the mitral valve
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve
37
what is a murmur
abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves
38
what is the myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart
39
what is a normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute
40
what is a pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat
- an artificial pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning
41
what is the pericardium
double layered membrane surrounding the heart
42
what is the pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs
43
what is pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
44
what is the pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
45
what is the pulmonary vein
one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
46
what is the septum
partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria and right and left ventricles
47
what is a sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure
48
what is systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues
49
what is systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
50
what is the tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has 3 cusps
51
what is a valve
structure in veins that
52
what is a vein
thin walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart; contains valves
53
what is a vena cava
largest vein in the body; return blood to the right atrium of the blood
54
what is a ventricle
chamber of the heart
55
what is a venule
small vein
56
angi/o
vessel
57
aort/o
aorta
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arter/o or arteri/o
artery
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ather/o
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
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atri/o
atrium
61
brachi/o
arm
62
cardi/o
heart
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holesterol/o
cholesterol
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coron/o
heart
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cyan/o
blue
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myx/o
mucus
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ox/o
oxygen
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pericardi/o
pericardium
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phleb/o
vein
70
rrhythm/o
rhythm
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sphygm/o
pulse
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steth/o
chest
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thromb/o
clot
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valvul/o or valv/o
valve
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vas/o
vessel
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vascul/o
vessel
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ven/o or ven/i
vein
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ventricul/o
ventricle
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what is bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
80
what does a biventricular pacemaker do
treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions and also relieves symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure
81
what is a heart flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
82
what is fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart
83
what is a implantable cardioverter defibrillator
small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock
84
what is catheter ablation
minimally invasive procedure to treat cardiac arrhythmias
85
what is congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
86
what is coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta
87
what is patent ductus arteriosus
passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
88
what are septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
89
what is tetralogy or fallot
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects
90
what are the 4 heart defects that represent tetralogy or fallot
- pulmonary artery stenosis (obstructed artery)
- ventricular septal defect
- shift of the aorta to the right
- hypertrophy of the right venticle
91
what is congestive heart failure
when heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
92
what is a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
pump implanted in the abdomen that transports blood all throughout the body
93
what is coronary artery disease
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
94
what is atherosclerosis
dispositioning of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries
95
what is thrombotic occlusion
blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
96
what is endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
97
what is hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart
98
what is mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of the mitral valve
99
what is a murmur
extra hear sound, heard between normal beats
100
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
101
what is rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
102
what is an aneurysm
local widening of an atrial wall
103
what is deep vein thrombosis (dvt)
blood blot (thombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
104
what is hyper tension
high blood pressure
105
what is peripheral arterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs
106
what is raynaud disease
recurrant episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
107
what are varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs
108
what is acute coronary syndromes
unstable angina and myocardial infraction, which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
109
what is angina
chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
- stable angina occurs predictably with exertion
- unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with lest exertion
110
what is angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II causing blood vessels to dilate
- it prevents heart attacks, stroke and death
111
what is auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope
112
what is a beta blocker
drug used to treat angina, hypertension and arrhythmias
- blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart
113
what is a biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
114
what is a bruit
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
115
what is a calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat angina and hypertesion
- it dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
116
what is cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
117
what is cardiac tamonade
- pressure on the heart caused by fluid in pericardial space
118
what is claudication
pain, tension and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absense of pain at rest
119
what is digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
120
what is embolus
clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
121
what is infraction
area of dead tissue
122
what are nitrates
drugs used in the treatment of angina
- dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
123
what is nitroglycerin
nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
124
what is occlusion
closure of a blood vessel due to a blockage
125
what are palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions
126
what does patent mean
open
127
what is a pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating noise heard by auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis
128
what are petechiae
small pinpoint hemorrhages
129
what are statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
130
what is a thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
131
what are vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves
132
what is a BNP test
measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in the brain
133
what are cardiac biomarkers
chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
134
what are lipid tests (lipid profile)
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample
135
what are lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
136
what is a angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
137
what is a arteriography
x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via a catheter into the aorta of a artery
138
what is a computed tomography angiography
three dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography
139
what is a digital subtraction angiography
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
140
what is electron beam computed tomography
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD
141
what are doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
142
what is echocardiography
echoes generates by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
143
what is positron emission tomography scan
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose
144
what is a cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field
145
what is cardiac catherterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or artery
146
what is a electrocardiography
recording of electricity flowing through the heart
147
what is holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn over a prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
148
what is a stress test
exercise tolerance test determines the hearts response to physical exertion (stress)
149
what is a catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation
150
what is coronary artery bypass grafting
arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
151
what is defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias
152
what is an endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery
153
what is a extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
154
what is a heart transplantation
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
155
what is a percutaneous coronary intervention
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
156
what is thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
157
what is transcatheter aortic valve replacement
placement of a balloon expandable or self expanding aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter
