Unit 1 - Chapter 19 - Cancer Medicine Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
what is cancer caused by
A
abnormal and excessive growth of cells
2
Q
what do cancer cells accumulate as
A
malignant tumors
3
Q
what are the 3 things malignant tumors do
A
they compress, invade and destroy the surrounding normal tissue
4
Q
how do cancerous cells spread throughout the body
A
through the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels
5
Q
what are the 3 most common cancers for women
A
lung, breast and colorectal
6
Q
what are the 3 most common cancers for men
A
lung, colorectal and prostate
7
Q
what are neoplasms
A
new growths that arise from normal tissue
8
Q
what does benign mean
A
non cancerous
9
Q
what are the 4 traits of benign tumors
A
- slow growing
- encapsulated and noninvasive
- well differentiated
- nonmetastatic
10
Q
what are the 4 traits of malignant tumors
A
- rapid growth
- invasive and infilitrative
- anaplastic and undifferntiated
- metastaic
11
Q
malignant tumors are anaplastic, expand on that
A
their dna stops making normal codes that allow the cells to carry on the function of differntiating mature cells
12
Q
what can dna damage be caused by
A
toxic chemicals, sunlight, smoke, viruses
13
Q
what are some examples of chemical carcinogens
A
asbestos, dyes, hormones, hydrocarbons, insecticides
14
Q
what are some examples of radiation carcinogens
A
sunlight, x-rays, radioactive substances
15
Q
what are some examples of virus carcinogens
A
- human T cell lukemia virus, hpv, hepititis B and C
16
Q
what are oncogenes
A
normal pieces of dna that when activiated by a mutation can convert a normal cell to a cancerous one
17
Q
what is histogenesis
A
identifying something based on the type of tissue
18
Q
what is a carcinoma
A
a solid tumor
19
Q
what is a adenoma
A
a tumor that is of epithelial or glandular origin
20
Q
what is a sarcoma
A
tumors derived from connective tissues
21
Q
what is mesenchymal tissue
A
the embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived from
22
Q
what are mixed tissue tumors
A
tumors derived from epithelial and connective tissues
23
Q
what does cystic mean
A
forming large open spaced filled with fluid
24
Q
what are mucinous tumors filled with
A
mucous
25
what are serous tumors filled with
serum
26
what does fungating mean
mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface
27
what does inflammatory mean
having the features of inflammation - redness, swelling, heat
28
what does medullary mean
large, soft, fleshy tumors
29
what does necrotic mean
containing dead tissue
30
what does polypoid mean
growths that form projections extending outward from a base
31
what do sessile polypoids extende from
a broad base
32
what do pedunculated polupoids extend from
a stem or stalk
33
what does ulcerating mean
characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue
34
what does verrucous mean
resembling a wart like growth
35
what does alveolar mean
tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs
36
what does carcinoma in situ mean
referring to a localized tumor cell that have not invaded adjacent structures
37
what does diffuse mean
spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue
38
what does dysplastic mean
containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous
39
what does epidermoid mean
resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)
40
what does follicular mean
small, round gland type clusters
41
what does papillary mean
forming small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells
42
what does pleomorphic mean
composed of a variety of types of cells
43
what does scirrhous mean
densely packed tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue
44
what does undifferentiated mean
lacking any microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells
45
what is grading cancer based on
the appearence
46
what is staging cancer based on
the extent of the spread
47
expand on grade 1 tumors
very well differntiated
48
expand on grade 2 and 3 tumors
moderately/poorly differntiated
49
expand on grade 4 tumors
so undifferentiated or anaplastic that even recognizing the tissue of origin can be difficult
50
what are the 3 notations in a staging system for cancer
t - tumor
n - nodes
m - metastasis
51
what does tnm stand for in terms of the staging system
tumor-node-metasis international staging system
52
what is cauterization
destructions of tissue by burning
53
what is a core needle biopsy
placement of a large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue
54
what is cyrosurgery
use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
55
what is en bloc resection
tumor is removed along with surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes or areas of tumor spread
56
what is excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue
57
what is exenteration
wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space
58
what is fine needle aspiration
placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation
59
what is fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high frequency current
60
what is incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis
61
what is radiation therapy
employs high energy beams to destroy tumors
62
what is high dose irradiation
expire of tissue to radiation that destroys tumor cells and produces damage to dna
63
what is brachytherapy
small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material are inserted directly into the tumor
64
what is an electron beam
low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors
65
what is external beam irradiation (teletheraphy)
radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source
66
what is fractionation
method of dividing radiation into small repeated doses rather than fewer larger doses
67
what is a gray (gy)
unit of absorbed radiation dose
68
what is a linear accelerator
large electronic device that produced high energy x-ray eams for the treatment of deep-seated tumors
69
what is photon therapy
radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays
70
what is proton therapy
small subatomic positively charged protons produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point
71
what is radiation fields
dimensions of an irradiated area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle
72
what is radiocurable tumor
tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy
73
what is radioresistant tumor
tumor that required large does of radiation to produce death of cells
74
what is radiosensitive tumor
tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
75
what is radiosensitizers
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays
76
what is stimulation
imaging study performed before radiation therapy using ct/mri scan to map the treatment area
77
what is stereotactic radiosurgery
single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise, sterotactic 3d guidance
78
what do cancer drugs do to cells
cause death by damaging their dna
79
expand on adjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drugs after surgery
80
expand on neoadjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drugs before surgery
81
what are alkylating agents
drugs that create chemical bonds with dna, leading to crosslinks and breaks in dna that interfere with cell division
82
what are antibiotic s
drugs produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibit cell division by causing breaks in dna strands
83
what are antimetabolites
drugs that block synthesis of dna components and prevent cells from dividing
84
what are antimitotics
drugs that block the function of a protein that is necessary for mitosis
85
what are hormonal agents
drugs that block hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited
86
expand on molecularly targeted therapy
cancer therapy that uses drugs to attack specific oncogenic mutations that drive cancer cell growth
87
expand on immunotherapy
the use of immune cells or antibodies to kill tumors
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what are lab engineered antibodies called
monoclonal antibodies
89
alveol/o
small sac
90
cac/o
bad
91
carcin/o
cancer
92
cauter/o
burn, heat
93
chem/o
chemical, drug
94
cry/o
cold
95
cyst/o
sac of fluis
96
fibr/o
fibers
97
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
98
fungi/o
fungus, mushroom
99
medull/o
soft, inner part
100
mucos/o
mucous membrane
101
mut/a
genetic change
102
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
103
necr/o
death
104
neur/o
nerve
105
onc/o
tumor
106
papill/o
nipple like
107
plas/o
formation
108
ple/o
many, more
109
polyp/o
polyp
110
prot/o
first
111
radi/o
rays
112
sarc/o
flesh
113
scirrh/o
hard
114
xer/o
dry
115
blastoma
immature tumor
116
genesis
formation
117
oma
mass, tumor
118
plasia
formation, growth
119
plasm
formation, growth
120
suppression
to stop
121
therapy
treatment
122
ana
backward
123
apo
off, away
124
brachy
short
125
epi
upon
126
meta
beyond, changen
127
neo
new
128
tele
far
129
what is cytogenetic analysis
chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of dna
130
immunohistochemistry
localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or flurorescent antibodies)
131
protein marker tests
measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
132
what is bone marrow biopsy
aspiration of bone marrow cells and removal of a core of bone marrow tissue that will be examined under a microscope for evidence of malignancy
133
what is bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient
134
what is core needle biopsy
insertion of a large bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination
135
what is exfoliative cytology
cells are scaped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
136
what is fiberoptic colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument
137
what is laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope
138
what is liquid biopsy
blood test to look for cancer cells or for pieces of dna from cancer cells
139
what is mammography
x-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer
140
what is pet-ct scan
diagnostic procedure combiting ct and pert
141
what is radionuclide scans
radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of images are obtained
