Unit 1 Lecture

Question 1

What organs does the renal system include?

Answer 1

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Question 2

Kidney

Answer 2

The organ that filters and removes unwanted waste from the body through the production of urine.

Question 3

Retroperitoneum

Answer 3

The location of the kidneys on both sides of the spine with the right kidney being slightly lower due to the liver.

Question 4

Primary functions of the kidney

Answer 4

Maintains water balance, acid-base balance, electrolyte balance, eliminates toxins, and hormone production by means of filtering the blood.

Question 5

Two distinct parts of the kidney

Answer 5

Cortex (outer) and Medulla (inner)

Question 6

Characteristics of the Cortex

Answer 6

Richly vascular, 90% of total renal circulation, and aids in plasma filtration.

Question 7

Characteristic of the Medulla

Answer 7

Between 8 and 18 pyramid shaped tissues each with dense network of nephrons.

Question 8

Renal Papilla

Answer 8

Part of the renal pyramids that points inward.

Question 9

Calyces

Answer 9

A cavity that the renal papilla points in towards. 3 major, 12 minor.

Question 10

Major Calyces

Answer 10

Collection of formed urine and transport to renal pelvis.

Question 11

Ureter

Answer 11

Transports urine from kidney to bladder by means of peristalsis and gravity.

Question 12

Bladder

Answer 12

“holding tank” for urine. 150 mL of urine will give you the sensation of needing to urinate.

Question 13

Micturition

Answer 13

The sensation of needing to urinate.

Question 14

Ultrafiltration of plasma occurs in the glomeruli which are located in which part of the kidney?

(a) Cortex
(b) Medulla
(c) Pelvis
(d) Ureter

Answer 14

(a) Cortex; where the majority of blood filtration takes place.

Question 15

All the following are considered functions of the renal system except:

(a) Homeostasis
(b) Temperature Balance
(c) Eliminates toxins
(d) Hormone production

Answer 15

(b) Temperature Balance

Question 16

Nephron

Answer 16

Responsible for the filtration and purification of blood. 1.3 million nephrons are present in the cortex of the kidney. Considered “the functional unit of the kidney”.

Question 17

Five important structures of the nephron.

Answer 17

(1) Glomerulus
(2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(3) Loop of Henle
(4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
(5) Collecting Duct

Question 18

Two types of nephrons

Answer 18

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

Question 19

Characteristics of a cortical nephron

Answer 19

Makes up 85% of nephrons; shorter loop of Henle; stays within cortex.

Question 20

Characteristics of a Juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 20

Longer loop of Henle allowing it to extend to the inner portion of the kidney.

Question 21

Function of the Nephron

Answer 21

Determines how concentrated or diluted the urine is.

Question 22

Glomerulus

Answer 22

The first part of the plasma filtration process. (Rate: 125 mL/min)

Question 23

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 23

Tuft made up of 8 capillaries which are embedded in a double-walled epithelium.

Question 24

Bowman’s Space

Answer 24

Between the two layers of epithelium within the Bowman’s Capsule contains a space. This space is where the plasma ultrafiltrate will collect.

Question 25

What is the double-walled endothelium made up of?

Answer 25

(1) Capillary endothelium cells with small slits or pores present
(2) Basement membrane

Question 26

What is the benefit of endothelium cells?

Answer 26

The are porous, which allows only small to moderate molecules to pass through (i.e., water, sodium ion, glucose)

Question 27

What is the basement membrane made up of?

Answer 27

(1) Lamina rara interna
(2) Lamina densa
(3) Lamina rara externa

Question 28

Shield of negativity

Answer 28

Repels mole