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MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. > Serous Fluid > Flashcards

Serous Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

Fluid that is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and therefore has a similar composition to serum.

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2
Q

Where can serous fluid be found?

A

Primarily the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.

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3
Q

Where can pleural fluid be found?

A

Surrounds the lungs.

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4
Q

Where can pericardial fluid be found?

A

Surrounds the heart.

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5
Q

Where can peritoneal fluid be found?

A

Surrounds the abdominal organs.

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6
Q

What is another name for peritoneal fluid?

A

Ascites fluid

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7
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane covering the organs?

A

The visceral membrane

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8
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane covering the body wall?

A

Parietal membrane

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9
Q

What is the net pressure favoring fluid formation in the pleural cavity?

A

+9 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the net pressure favoring fluid absorption out of the pleural cavity?

A

+10 mmHg

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11
Q

What are characteristics of transudate serous fluid?

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  • Non-inflammatory changes
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12
Q

What are characteristics of exudate serous fluid?

A
  • Increase in capillary permeability
  • Decrease in lymphatic absorption
  • Inflammatory changes
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13
Q

What is the clinical significance of transudate serous fluid?

A

Potential heart or liver failure

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14
Q

What is the clinical significance of exudate serous fluid?

A

Caused by a primary pathologic state (i.e., bacterial or viral infection)

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15
Q

Generally, what color is serous fluid?

A

Colorless to a light yellow.

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16
Q

Generally, how much serous fluid can be obtained?

A

Between 1 and 10 mL

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17
Q

Define Effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity as a result of a pathologic process

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18
Q

Where on the body does a thoracentesis take place?

A

Lungs

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19
Q

Where on the body does a pericardiocentesis take place?

A

Heart

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20
Q

Where on the body does a peritoneocentesis take place?

A

Abdominal cavity

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21
Q

What occurs when serous fluid is refrigerated after collection?

A

Decrease the viability of microorganisms

22
Q

For pH testing on serous fluid, what is the proper collection technique?

A

Anaerobic sampling, heparinized syringe, on ice.

23
Q

Why should serous fluid be transported to the lab ASAP?

A

To decrease viability of microorganisms

24
Q

What are some physical characteristics of transudate serous fluid?

A

(1) Color: Pale yellow
(2) Clarity: Clear
(3) Does not spontaneously clot

25
Q

What are some physical characteristics of exudate serous fluid?

A

(1) Color: Variable (yellow, green, etc)
(2) Clarity: Cloudy
(3) Clots spontaneously

26
Q

What are the two types of “milky” effusions that can occur with serous fluid?

A

Chylous and Pseudochylous

27
Q

What is indicative of chylous “milky” effusion?

A

(1) Predominance of lymphocytes

(2) Triglyceride level >110 mg/dL - chylomicrons present

28
Q

What is indicative of pseudochylous “milky” effusion?

A

(1) Cholesterol crystals present

(2) Triglyceride levels <50 mg/dL, no chylomicrons present

29
Q

Using TP and LD ratios, how would you determine transudate serous fluid?

A

TP ratio <= 0.5; LD ratio <= 0.6

30
Q

Using TP and LD ratios, how would you determine exudate serous fluid?

A

TP ratio >0.5; LD ratio >0.6

31
Q

For serous glucose, what would indicate exudate serous fluid?

A

<60 mg/dL OR serum-fluid difference greater than 30 mg/dL

32
Q

What is indicative of low fluid glucose?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, bacterial infection, tuberculosis, maglignant neoplasm

33
Q

For amylase, what increments must it be compared to the serum value to be considered abnormal?

A

1.5 to 2x higher than the serum value

34
Q

If serous fluid has a triglyceride level of >110 mg/dL, what is that indicative of?

A

Chylous effusion

35
Q

If serous fluid has a triglyceride level of 50-110 mg/dL, what is that indicative of?

A

Chylomicrons

36
Q

If serous fluid has a triglyceride level of <50 mg/dL, what is that indicative of?

A

Pseudochylous effusion

37
Q

If serous fluid has a cholesterol fluid-to-serum ratio of >1.0, what is that indicative of?

A

Pseudochylous effusion

38
Q

If a serous fluid has a cholesterol fluid-to-serum ratio of >0.3, what is that indicative of?

A

Exudates

39
Q

If pleural fluid has a pH <7.3, what is that indicative of?

A

Complicated paraneumonic effusion

40
Q

If pleural fluid has a pH >7.3, what is that indicative of?

A

Uncomplicated paraneumonic effusion

41
Q

What is an important pre-analytical consideration when collecting for pH testing?

A

Place on ice after collection

42
Q

An increased carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value can indicate what?

A

Cancer treatment not working/cancer has spread

43
Q

A decreased or stagnant carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value can indicate what?

A

Cancer treatment working/cancer is not spreading

44
Q

A WBC count of >1000 cells/uL, may indicate what?

A

Pericarditis (transudate)

45
Q

A WBC count of >500 cells/uL may indicate what?

A

Bacterial peritonitis (exudates)

46
Q

What are types of cells are these, and what are some characteristics of them?

A

Mesothelial cells, they exist in the lining of the serous membrane.

(1) Window between cells - indicate noncancerous
(2) Low N/C ratio

47
Q

Identify these cells

A

Mesothelial cells

48
Q

Identify these cells

A

Signet ring macrophages

49
Q

What type of stain is needed for microbiological exam?

A

Gram stain - pleural fluid should also have acid-fast stain

50
Q

What different types of cultures are ran on serous fluid?

A

Aerobic, anaerobic, fungal

MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. (37 decks)

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