Unit 1 Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Dualism
A
The idea that the mind and body are two separate things.
Mind = thoughts, feelings, consciousness
Body = brain, physical stuff
2
Q
Monism
A
The idea that the mind and body are not separate — they are one thing.
3
Q
what did rene descartes beleive
A
the mind and the body interact and the mind controls the body while the body provides the mind with sensory input for it to decipher
he believed in dualism
4
Q
francis bacon
A
a philosopher who developed the scientific method and emphasized observation and experimentation. he is known as the father of modern science
5
Q
John locke
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almost all knowledge is learned almost nothing is innate
dualism
6
Q
empiricism
A
knowledge comes from experiences and observations
7
Q
Thomas hobbes
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the idea of a soul or spirit, or even of a mind is meaningless
8
Q
materialism
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belief that the only thing that exist are matter and energy
9
Q
Mary Whiton Calkins -
A
first female graduate student psychology but was denied her PhD because of her gender
10
Q
Margaret floy washburn
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first female PhD in psychology. second female president of the APA
11
Q
Charles darwin
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Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence for natural selection
12
Q
Dorothea Dix
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advocate for the mentally ill poor people
founded first public mental hospital in US
13
Q
sigmund frued
A
- He is the founder of psychoanalysis (the “talking cure”) and developed techniques such as free association and transference.
-His theory of the unconscious included the id, ego, and superego model of the mind.
14
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
-He began the first journal dedicated only to psychology called the American Journal of Psychology.
-He was the first president of the APA
15
Q
william james
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Opposed to structuralism
he came up with functionalism
16
Q
abraham maslow
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Humanistic psychologist who created the hierarchy of needs
17
Q
Ivan Pavlov
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Father of classical conditioning by studying the digestive systems of dogs. He used a bell as his conditioned stimulus
18
Q
jean piaget
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he created the four stages of cognitive development
19
Q
carl rogers
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Humanistic psychologist who emphasized acceptance, genuineness, and empathy, and unconditional positive regard
20
Q
BF skinner
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a behaviorist psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, which explains how behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment.
21
Q
Edward B. Titchener
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student of wundts
first to bring science of psych to US
theory of structuralism
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Q
A
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john b watson
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established the psychological school of behaviorism. He also conducted the “Little Albert” experiment.
24
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Wilhelm Wundt -
A
founder of the science of psychology, and set up the first laboratory for experimental psychology in Germany.
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independant variable
Variable that the experimenter manipulates --- Cause (what you are studying)
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dependent variable
Variable that researchers measure --- Effect (result of experiment)
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control group
in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment. Serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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population
all individuals who can potentially participate in the study
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random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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placebo effect
a real response to an action or substance based solely on expectations, not actual properties of the action or substance.
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random assignment
ensures all members of the sample have an equal chance of being place into either group
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Representative sample
a group of participants that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population being studied.
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single blind study
The subjects do not know which group they belong to (either experimental or control group), but the researchers know who is in which group.
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double blind
The subjects and the researchers do not know which group they belong to (either experimental or control group).
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experimenter bias
The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat member of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.
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sampling bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
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illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
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sampling error
the extent to which the sample differs from the population
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confounding variable
factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
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Situation-relevant confounding variable
when the control group and experimental group are tested in different environments, so that the environment, rather than the independent variable, may account for the change in results.
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Participant-relevant confounding variable
an individual characteristic or trait, such as age, personality, or prior experience, that can influence the outcome of an experiment, potentially skewing the results.
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validity
is the term for how well a test measures what it has been designed to measure.
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reliability
refers to the ability to consistently find similar results when a test is repeatedly administered in similar conditions.
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operational definition
The definition of a concept in terms of the actual procedures used by the researcher to measure it
All researchers must understand and measure the concept in the same way in order to have reliable (trustworthy) results
Without setting an operational definition, researchers may define the concept differently based on their own ideas
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replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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meta analysis
process of analyzing the results of many studies that have measured the same variables
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Naturalistic obervation
Observing and recording behavior in natural situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation
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strength of naturalistic observation
describes behavior as we see it
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weakness of naturalistic observation
- Does not explain the purposes of behavior (no cause and effect)
- Pays no attention to mental processes
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case study
Studying one person or group in-depth in hope of revealing universal principles
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strength of case study
- Can try to understand very specific issues
- Helped us develop early brain research
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weaknesses of case study
Cannot be used to generalize the whole population
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survey
Obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually through questioning a random sample
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strength of a survey
- Able to obtain data from many people faster, cheaper, and thus more easily
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weaknesses of a survey
- Response rate—can be low; not enough people to represent the population properly
- Self-report—sometimes people lie; inaccurate answers
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correlational study
Measuring the extent to which two factors vary together and how well one factor can predict the other
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strengths correlational study
Correlation helps us make logical predictions
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weaknesses of correlational study
-Correlation is NOT causation! One factor does not CAUSE the other to change
- An unknown variable could be influencing the relationship
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experimental study
an investigation seeking to understand relations of cause and effect researchers manipulate an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables through random assignment.
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strength of expirimental study
- Can control or manipulate variables to be more accurate
- Can explain cause and effect
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weakness of expirimental study
- Placebo effect—results caused by expectations alone
-confounding variables
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longitudinal study
involves looking at variables over an extended period of time (weeks, months, years) in the same subjects
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weaknesses of longitudinal study
- Participants tend to drop out over time
- Can be expensive
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strengths of longitudinal study
Helps us understand changes over time
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cross sectional study
Conducted at a single point in time, comparing many variables in groups of different ages
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strengths of cross sectional study
- Explains what’s happening in a population NOW
- Can look at differences in age groups without doing it over a long period
- Can look at many variables at once
- Usually cheap/fast
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weaknesses of cross sectional study
- Not causal (does not manipulate variables)
- Same weaknesses for surveys (if used)
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applied psychologists
work face-to-face with clients, students, or patients to address practical psychological issues.
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basic psychologists
focus on completing research, usually working in a lab, to increase knowledge about human thinking and human and animal behavior
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biological psychology
investigate how the structures in one’s brain or nervous system influence behavior
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clinical psychology
studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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cognitive psychology
experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
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counseling psychology
assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being
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developmental psychology
studying our changing abilities over the course of our lifetime
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educational psychology
have expertise in the problems of teaching and learning
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experimental psychology
usually work in labs and form the largest category of basic psychologists
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Industrial-organizational psychology
help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale productively design products, and implement systems
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Personality psychology
n individual's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
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psychometric psychology
focuses on the measurement of psychological traits, such as intelligence, personality, and abilities, through the development and use of tests and assessments.
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social psychology
exploring how we view and affect one another
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positive psychology
the study of the "good life", or the positive aspects of the human experience that make life worth living.
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Structuralism -
looking for patterns in thought, which happens through interviews with a subject
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introspection
interviews that include Looking inside your own mind to observe your thoughts and feelings.
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Functionalism-
Aimed to investigate how mental processes function and enable the organism to adapt and survive
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Gestalt -
perspective that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
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Biopsychosocial -
The idea is that all three components influence behavior and thinking. The approach encompasses (1) biological, (2) psychological, and (3) socio-cultural influences.
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behavioral- genetics perspective of psychology
explores how behavior might be explained by our specific genetically based predispositions
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behaviorist perspective of psychology
focuses on the study of observable behavior
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biological perspective of psychology
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
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cognitive persepective of psychology
in order to understand peoples behaviour we must first understand how they think. how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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evolutionary perspective of psychology
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
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humanistic perspective of psychology
how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and acheive self-actualization
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psychodynamic perspective of psychology
how behaviour springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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socio cultural perspective of psychology
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. the specific culture or situation we are placed in will effect how we behave.
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theory
Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that supports the theory.
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correlation coefficient
the score used to MEASURE
Positive correlation—coefficient closer to +1, the presence of one thing predicts the presence of another
Negative correlation—coefficient closer to -1, the presence of one thing predicts the absence of another
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scatter plot
graphs used to plot the scores and show the correlation
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range
The range measures the difference between the highest and lowest scores,
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standard deviation
how spread out the data is from the mean.
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frequency distribution
shows how often each score occur
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descriptive statistics
numerical data to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
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mean
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and dividing by the number of scores
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median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
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mode
the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
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Skewed Distribution -
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
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normal distributions-
usually referred to as a “bell-curve” because of the shape of the distribution when graphed.
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skewed
data points pile up at one end of the distribution or the other
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Bimodal Distribution:
Data distribution with two Peaks.
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Frequency distribution table
show how often (frequent) something occurs.
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inferential statistics
methods for determining the likelihood that the result of an experiment is due to the manipulation of the independent variable or variable or is due to chance.
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statistical significance
measure of how likely the result of an experiment is due to the manipulation of the Independant variable or due to chance.
Significance is reported as p-value
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p value
Closer the p-value is to 0, the less likely the result is due to chance
In psychology, a p-value of .05 or less is acceptable for the results to be considered statistically significant
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statistical inference
generalizes from a particular sample to an entire population
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American Psychological Association (APA)
- set ethical guidelines to protect humans/animals from physical and psychological harm
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informed consent
participants sign indicating they understand the components and the potential risks of the study and agree to take part.
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free will
Participants must be participating by their own free will. No coercion, or force, can be used.
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anonymous
Participants must remain anonymous
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risk
participants cannot be placed at significant mental or physical risk
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debrief
Must debrief the participants by explaining the deception at the conclusion of the study
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stanley milgram study
helped with the creation of ethical issues in psychological research
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what is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
The IRB reviews research proposals involving humans to ensure studies are ethical, protect participants, and minimize risk.
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Why is animal experimentation used in research?
Animal experimentation helps researchers gather information that may improve understanding of human behavior and biological processes.
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What does the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC or ACUC) do?
This committee evaluates proposed studies using animals to ensure humane treatment and ethical research practices.
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What is the APA’s Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE)?
CARE promotes the ethical treatment of animals in psychological research and sets standards for their use.
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How do ethical and legal guidelines protect research participants?
They ensure informed consent, protect privacy, reduce harm, and require that research undergoes ethical review before starting.
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null hypothesis
states that a treatment had no effect in an expiriment
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alternative hypothesis
the treatment did have an effect
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Type 1 errors
the conclusion that a different exists when in fact this difference does not exist
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Type 2 errors
the conclusion that there is no difference when in fact there is a different
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p value
the results are statistically significant(not due to chance) if p= 0.05. we only have a 5 percent chance of making a type 1 error
