unit 4 learning Flashcards
(60 cards)
Robert Rescorla
hes responsible for the contigency theory
contingency theory
for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the organism with a reliable signal (signal relations) that certain events will take place. EX: bell in Pavlov’s experiment — just a picture of bell would not work
Edward Thorndike
developed the Law of Effect, which says that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
did experiments on cats by putting them in a puzzle box and using fish as a reward when they escaped. The cats learned through trial and error that if they pressed a lever (the behavior), they would get out and get the fish (the reward).
Law of effect
responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
A student studies hard for a psychology test and gets an A. Because of this positive outcome, the student is more likely to study hard again for future tests.
jon garcia
found it was easier to learn associations that make sense for survival like taste aversion.
Edward toleman
animals can learn things even without rewards, like making mental maps to find their way.(latent learning)
Albert Bandura
a psychologist best known for his Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling.
social learning theory
people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling.
Banduras bobo dolls
children who observed an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior themselves
Latent learning
an individual acquires knowledge or skills without immediately demonstrating them, often without conscious effort or reinforcement
a child might observe their parent driving, absorbing the process without actively trying to learn, and later mimic the actions in a toy car game
insight learning
a type of learning that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error.
Taste aversion
A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness
Superstitious behaviors
behavior being inadvertently reinforced through positive reinforcement (operant conditioning), generally used to explain superstitious behavior. for example, you wear a new pair of shoes in a basketball game. you play amazing and you lead the team to victory. you then attribute your success to your new sneakers and continue wearing them in all other games, thinking you will benefit.
learned helplessness
Repeated attempts to control a situation fail, you feel helpless (cannot change a situation, cannot escape punishment – often leads to depression)
Instinctive drift
when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns.
-A dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment. Under stress, however, it may have instinctual drift, disregarding the learned behavior and barking at the guest.
-Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
ivan pavlov
experimental support for behaviorism with dogs. Created classical conditioning
classical conditioning
includes:
-Nuetral stimulus
-unconditioned stimulus
-unconditioned response
-conditioned stimulus
-conditioned response
Neutral stimulus
initially produces no specific response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Neutral stimulus in pavlovs experiment
tone(sound)
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that naturally & automatically triggers a response.
unconditioned stimulus in pavlovs dog experiment
food, which naturally caused the dogs to salivate.
unconditioned response
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
unconditioned response in pavlovs dog experiment
salivation
conditioned stimulus
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.
