Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology Memory and Intelligence Flashcards
(120 cards)
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memory
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is learning that has continued over time
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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deep processing
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involves elaborative rehearsal along with meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned
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shallow processing
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simple memorization of something without attaching meaning to it
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elaborative rehearsal
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linking new information with existing memories and knowledge
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metacognition
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an awareness of our thinking processes and an understanding of what we know.
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Information-processing model -
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a three-step process. Encoding, storage, retrieval
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encoding
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get information in (prepare for storage
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storage
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keep information (rehearsal),
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retrieval
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get information back (recall)
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sensory memory
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processing everything we sense (everything)
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iconic memory
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brief visual images
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echoic memory
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auditory signals
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short term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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working memory
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a newer understanding of a short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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long term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Prospective memory
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Remembering to perform actions in the future.
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retrospective memory
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Remembering events from the past or previously learned information.
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Implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection; memories located in basal ganglia and cerebellum -
Example: muscle memory, riding a bike, Remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notes
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”
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episodic memory
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he stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall and tell someone
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semantic memory
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Impersonal memories that are not drawn from personal experience but rather from everyday, common kinds of knowledge ( Names of colors, states, facts)
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flashbulb memory
emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memory.
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George miller
Seven, Plus or Minus Two is considered to be the amount of meaningful information one can hold in STM
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herman ebbinghaus
a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect.
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Noam chomsky
is a contemporary psychologist and linguist known his theory of innate grammar
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Wolfgang kohler
related the idea of insight learning
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elizabeth loftus
studied eyewitness testimony and memory reconstruction
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semantic encoding
Using past events or items you have already learned to organize your thoughts and learn new material. Making it RELEVANT to you.
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Encoding failure
Ineffective attention given to material
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storage decay
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay
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relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
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herming ebbinghaus- relearning
The more times he rehearsed out loud on day 1, the less time he needed to relearn/memorize the same letters on day 2.
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forgetting curve
Forgetting occurs rapidly and then levels off with time
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recognition
correct identification of previously learned material (example: multiple choice)
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recall
direct retrieval of facts or information (example: FRQ)
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state dependent memory
is the phenomenon where people remember more information if their physical or mental state is the same at time of encoding and time of recall
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mood dependent memory
information can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired
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context dependent memory
refers to the phenomenon of how much easier it is to retrieve certain memories when the "context," or circumstances around the memory are same for both the original encoding and retrieval.
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priming
triggers a thread of associations that bring us to a concept
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retrieval failure
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be accessed
(Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon)
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The serial position effect
refers to the tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect).
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mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
combining grouping bits or related information
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method of loci
a strategy of memory enhancement which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information
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peg word system
is a mnemonic device that is used to memorize lists that need to be in order. An object or image is visualized which holds or 'pegs' the information that needs to be recalled and makes it easier to remember
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spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
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self reference effect
individuals tend to remember information better when it is related to themselves
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retrograde amnesia
The inability to remember information previously stored in memory.
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anterograde amnesia
The inability to form memories from new material.
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proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Elizabeth Loftus studied this.
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source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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long term potentiation
an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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basal ganglia
Plays an important role in memory retrieval and procedural memory - creating and maintaining habits
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Amygdala
Primary processor of emotional reactions and social and sexual behavior
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Hippocampus
Most associated with emotions and transfer of information from STM to LTM
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cerebellum
- Responsible for procedural memories such as how to tie a shoelace, play guitar, or touch-type
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concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. There are a variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of chair.
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prototype
mental image or best example of a category.
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algorithm
methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem because it explores every possibility
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heuristic
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently (rule of thumb)
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insight
sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, such as suddenly seeing a cause and effect relationship
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creativity
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas (expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and creative environment)
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convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
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divergent thinking
-expands the number of possible problem solutions
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confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
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mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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functional fixedness
Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose
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overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgment
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belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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representative heuristic
people judge the likelihood of something based on how much it resembles their existing stereotypes or prototypes.
If someone meets a quiet, book-loving person and assumes they are a librarian rather than a salesperson, that's the representative heuristic at work
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availability heuristic
likelihood of event based on their availability in memory
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intelligence
refers to our ability to learn from experience, recognize problems, and use knowledge in order to adapt to new situations and solve problems
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fluid inteligence
recognizing patterns, seeing relationships, using logic to solve novel problems
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crystallized intelligence
one’s accumulated knowledge
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flynn effect
says that people are either getting smarter or at least better at taking standardized tests
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Stereotype threat
when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group
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savant syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill (Computation, drawing)
Mental age - age-level at which you function mentally
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IQ formula
take the mental age (provided by the exam) divided by the chronological age (actual age) multiplied by 100
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emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
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How does culture influence the definition and measurement of intelligence?
: Culture shapes what is considered "intelligent" behavior, and environmental challenges can increase cognitive development, while stress may lower performance on intelligence tests.
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What role does environment play in intelligence scores?
Environments with cognitive demands may enhance intelligence, while high-stress environments may suppress it.
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Do average intelligence scores differ between racial groups?
Yes, group averages can differ, but these differences may be due entirely to environmental factors, not genetics.
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What is an example of group differences in intelligence scores?
European-New Zealanders often score higher on average than Maori New Zealanders; White Americans tend to score higher than Black Americans.
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Are sex differences in intelligence greater than individual differences within sexes?
No, individual differences among boys or among girls are usually greater than differences between the sexes.
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What are some gender-based trends in specific cognitive abilities?
Girls often perform better in spelling and verbal fluency; boys tend to excel in spatial tasks and math computation.
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spearmans general intelligence
a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
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gardeners multiple intelligence
people have different kinds of intelligences, such as musical, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, and more, rather than just one general intelligence.
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sternbergs triarchic theory
that intelligence has three components: analytical (problem-solving), creative (dealing with new situations), and practical (everyday tasks).
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analytical intellegence
problem solving
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practical intellegence
everyday tasks
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creative intellegence
dealing with new situations
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sir francis galton
became interested in individual differences. From his work emerged the concept of measuring intelligence.
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alfred binet
invented the first practical IQ test. Stanford-Binet Test - First intelligence test in the United States
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lewis terman
revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life
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David Wechsler
developed intelligence test
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests
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performance scale
measured processing speed, Abstract tasks - matching visual patterns, Verbal scale - verbal comprehension
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aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance
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achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
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test retest reliability
having same individual take the same two test at two different times
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split half reliability
checking for consistency between the scores on two halves of the same test
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validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what is is supposed to
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content validity
refers to whether a test covers all aspects of the concept it’s supposed to measure (e.g., a math test covering all relevant math topics).
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construct validity
refers to whether a test truly measures the theoretical concept it's intended to measure (e.g., intelligence, anxiety).
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Criterion or Predictive Validity
- how well test results relate to another measure of what you are evaluating
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Cultural bias in testing
extent to which test offends/ penalizes some students on basis of ethnicity, gender. or socio-economic status
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standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
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normal curve
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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gifted
score two or more standard deviations above the mean
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Down syndrome
disorder characterized by an extra chromosome and low IQ
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