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ap psych > Unit 6: Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

conception

A
  • a single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell - the beginning of new life
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2
Q

prenatal period

A

the period of pregnancy that begins with conception and ends 9 months later with birth.

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3
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

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4
Q

embryonic stage

A

organ development beings as cells continue to divide, replicate, and create new growth (2 weeks - 2 months) After a month the heart begins to beat and the lungs, eyes, palate, and CNS develop

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5
Q

fetal stage

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. Fetal continues to grow and gain weight during the last two months…at the end of a normal 38 week (9 ½ month) pregnancy, fetus typically weighs around 7 lbs and is about 20 inches in length

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6
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm (drugs, AIDS, STDS, rubella, etc)

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7
Q

fetal alchohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

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8
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

inibility to break down protein

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9
Q

tay sachs disease

A

body is unable to break down fat, which causes these substances to build up in and destroy brain and nerve cells, until the nervous system shuts down

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10
Q

down syndrome

A

occurs when a zygote receives an extra chromosome at the moment of conception…causes intellectual disability (usually in the mild to moderate range)

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11
Q

longitudinal study

A

studies a person or group of people over an extended period of time.

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12
Q

cross sectional study

A

compares individuals of various ages at one point in time.

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13
Q

rooting reflex

A

automatic turn of head when cheek is touched

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14
Q

sucking reflex

A

suck anything that touches lips

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15
Q

startle reflex

A

infant flings arms, fans fingers and arches back in response to sudden noise

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16
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes fan out when out edge of sole of foot is stroked

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17
Q

nature vs nurture

A

Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.

Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.

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18
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Mostly universal in motor development and there are individual differences in timing

As the brain myelinates, additional cognitive abilities appear. No amount of reinforcing or environmental incentives can draw this behavior from the organism prior to it reaching the maturational stage that allows for it. Sitting, crawling, walking, and running all happen as the physical maturation allows for it.

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19
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (Easy - Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable, Difficult - Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and strongly. Slow-to-warm-up - Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when they do react, it is mild)

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20
Q

stranger anxiety and when infants start to show it

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display (8 months)

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21
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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22
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

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23
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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24
Q

secure attachment

A

classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves knowing that their caregiver will return

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25
insecure attatchment
- Child is unable to be comforted or is violent or distant upon return, may be insecurely attached.
26
avoidant attatchment
is formed in babies and children when parents or caregivers are largely emotionally unavailable or unresponsive most of the time. Will have trouble trusting people in the future.
27
anxious attachment
may have a hard time feeling secure in relationships. As young children, they may cling to caregivers or become inconsolable when a caregiver leaves
28
Mary Ainsworth
babies show different attachment styles—secure, avoidant, or ambivalent—based on how their caregiver responds to their needs.
29
Lorenz
Studied baby geese to study attachment as important to humans and other species as well. He developed imprinting.
30
harlows monkeys
baby monkeys preferred comfort and closeness from a soft "mother" over food, showing the importance of love and attachment.
31
Baumrind
identified four parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved—and found that authoritative parenting leads to the most positive child outcomes.
32
What is the role of nurture in social development?
The way a person is raised and their cultural expectations can shape their personality and behavior.
33
How can a harsh environment affect social behavior?
People raised in harsh environments may become more closed off than those in supportive ones.
34
What is the nature argument in behavior and personality?
Genes influence how people react to situations and may affect behavior more than environment.
35
How do nature and nurture interact in social development?
Both genetic traits and life experiences work together to shape a person's behavior and personality.
36
authoritarian
Parents are strict and demand obedience, often using punishment and offering little warmth or flexibility.
37
authoritative
This style balances warmth and structure, with parents setting clear rules while being responsive and supportive.
38
permissive
These parents are indulgent and lenient, allowing children significant freedom with few demands or rules.
39
uninvolved/negletful
Parents show low responsiveness and low demands, often being detached or indifferent to their child’s needs.
40
habituation
a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation. Ex. a baby no longer being excited by a toy.
41
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
42
assimilation
the process of absorbing new information into an existing schema.
43
accomodation
the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to incorporate new information.
44
object permanence
the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Develops in the sensorimotor stage.
45
Egocentrism
the inability to consider another person’s point of view. Ex. thinking daddy wants a toy truck for his birthday because that is what you would like. Found in the preoperational stage.
46
Animistic thinking
believing that inanimate objects have feelings. Found in the preoperational stage.
47
conservation
the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even thought their form or appearance is rearranged. Ex. understanding that your sandwich is the same size if it is cut into halves or quarters.
48
theory of mind
is the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.) to oneself and others and to understand others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own.
49
sensorimotor stage
-0-2 years old -expiriencing the world through your sense -object permanence -stranger anxiety
50
preopertional stage
-2-7 years old -representing things with words and images -pretend play -egocentrism -language development
51
concrete operational stage
-7-11 years -thinking logically -grasping analogys -arithmetical operations -conservation -mathematical transformations
52
formal operational stage
-12 through adulthood -abstract reasoning -potential for mature moral reasoning
53
autism spectrum disorder
disorders that are typically characterized by social deficits, communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive delays.
54
jean piaget
Theorized that what a child is able to do intellectually depends on the development of the brain and on cognition levels
55
Vgotsky
believed that children learn according to their own schedule
56
zone of proximal development
Gap (difference) between what a child can do w/o help & what he can do only w/support (scaffolding).
57
puberty
the physical beginnings of sexual maturity. Girls - Early Maturation is particularly difficult , Boys - Late Maturation is hard
58
primary sex characteristics
the organs needed for reproduction (ovaries in the female, testes in the male, and external genitalia).
59
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive traits (enlargement of the hips and breasts in females, facial hair and deepening voice in males, the development of pubic and underarm hair in both females and males).
60
when does your frontal lobe fully develop?
25
61
adolescent egocentrism
belief that their experiences are unique and that their parents or others could not possibly understand what they are going through
62
personel fables
stories created by teens that tell about their lives that are idealized and special and that make them feel invincible
63
imaginary audience
the belief, common in adolescents, that they are the center of everyone else's attention and that others are constantly observing and evaluating them.
64
james marcia
identified four identity statuses: Identity Diffusion (no exploration or commitment), Identity Foreclosure (commitment without exploration), Identity Moratorium (active exploration with no commitment), and Identity Achievement (commitment after exploration).
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foreclosure
high commitment low exploration
67
moratorium
low commitment high exploration
68
Identity Achievement/Formation
high commitment high exploration
69
What trend is observed regarding the age at which couples get married in the U.S.?
Increasingly, couples are getting married at a later age.
70
What do couples report after the birth of their first child?
Couples report a drop in marital satisfaction after the birth of the first child.
71
How does the age at which people get married affect the divorce rate?
The later people wait to get married, the divorce rate decreases.
72
What leads to feelings of security in relationships?
Satisfaction of interpersonal needs leads to feelings of security.
73
what leads to anxiety in relationships?
The frustration of interpersonal needs leads to feelings of anxiety.
74
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
75
When does the physical peak occur for most people?
The physical peak typically occurs in the 20s, when individuals are faster, stronger, better coordinated, and have more endurance.
76
What is one of the first noticeable symptoms of aging?
Physical decline is one of the first noticeable symptoms of aging.
77
How does male fertility change with age?
Men do not experience a cessation in fertility but do experience a decline in sperm count.
78
What happens to fertility in women as they age?
Women experience a decline in fertility as they age.
79
Menopause:
The natural time in a woman's life when her menstrual cycles end.
80
Fluid intelligence -
ability to solve problems, see relationships, and think abstractly - This declines after middle age
81
Crystallized intelligence
accumulated intelligence over time and ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience - Increases with time
82
dementia
thinking, memory, and behavior begin to deteriorate
83
alzheimers
degenerative disease in which memory loss is progressive and plaques accumulate in nervous system tissue
84
Trust vs mistrust
-0-1 year old -if needs are dependably met infants develop a sense of trust
85
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
-1-2 -toddlers learn to excersize will and do things for themselves or they doubt there abilities
86
Initiative vs guilt
-3-5 years old -preschoolers take initiative and learn to carry out tasks themselves or they feel guilty for trying to be independent
87
competence vs inferiority
6-12 years old Kids work to master skills or feel inferior if they fail.
88
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teens explore who they are or feel confused about their identity.
89
Intimacy vs. Isolation
-20-40s Young adults form close relationships or feel isolated.
90
Generativity vs. Stagnation
-40-60's -Adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
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Integrity vs. Despair
-60's+ -Older adults reflect on life with a sense of fulfillment or regret.
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morality
accepted moral standards: standards of conduct that are generally accepted as right or proper.
93
preconventional morality
Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
94
conventional morality
By early adolescence, moral judgments are based on compliance w/society’s rules & values.
95
postconventional morality
People develop personal standards of right & wrong, morality defined in terms of abstract principles of justice.
96
Carol Gilligan
believed that Kohlberg’s theory fails to account for differences between males & females. She argued that there needed to be a masculine voice “logical and individualistic” and feminine “care perspective”.
97
sex
either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided
98
gender
typed is what you learn or do in order to be masculine of feminine and it can be through your own cognitive processes, but it's often times through the observation of others
99
gender roles
expectations about the way men and women behave. Vary across cultures as well as over time
100
gender indentity
sense of being male or female (how you identify yourself)
101
gender typed
process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and adopts the behaviors and roles culturally associated with it.
102

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