Unit 11 Flashcards
(28 cards)
aggression
the behavior that is intended to harm another
violence
extreme acts of aggression
proactive (or instrumental) aggression
aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as as a means to a desired end (personal gain, attention, or self defense)
reactive (or emotional) aggression.
aggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide, harm is inflicted for its own sake. impulsive in the hear of the moment.
What are the differences in aggression across cultures and why
collective and individualism
- values self or the collective
- norms and beliefs about aggression and violence are different it may be acceptable or even a regular occurrence in some cultures.
In what ways do men and women engage in aggression differently
men- are more violent, physical violence/aggression, greater strength and size
women- feel angry but are less likely to act, more verbal aggression, indirect aggression/violence such as social exclusion/ghosting, online
personality traits that have been shown in research to relate to aggression
The big 5 traits
1) agreeableness- good natured low aggression
2) conscientiousness low aggression
3)openness to experience- independent, intellectual low aggression
4) extraversion- out going, energetic, assertion
5) neuroticism- emotionally unstable high aggression
Is aggression determined by forces of nature, nurture, or the interaction of the two
nature- aggression is innate
nurture- aggression is learned through experience, reward, punishment
aggression from the evolutionary psychology perspective
reproductive strategy
sexual jealousy
potential threats
survival/protection
attraction of mate
biological explanations for aggression
genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, executive functioning
What roles do positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment play in the learning of aggressive behaviour
positive reinforcement- strengthens behavior with reward
negative reinforcement- removing of unpleasant stimulus causes behavior to reoccur
punishment- often intended to reduce undesirable behavior however harsh
social learning theory as it relates to aggression
behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as though the direct experience of rewards /punishments
How does socialization account for gender differences and cultural variation in aggression
gender norms
cultural norms
religions
traditions
societal roles
exposure to violence being the norm
original frustration-aggression hypothesis
2 parts:
1) frustration interrupts progress toward goal - elicits motive to aggression
2) all aggression is caused by frustration
Berkowitz’s reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration creates negative feelings (discomfort) these feelings cause aggression not frustration itself.
How does the process of excitation transfer facilitate aggression
the arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individuals emotional response to another stimulus
aggressive cues
objects or external stimuli associated with aggression or violence that can automatically trigger aggressive thoughts, emotions, or behaviors with out conscious intent. eg. police or weapon Prescence.
Describe how aggressive cues and hostile attribution bias can influence aggression
aggressive cues prime aggression and hostile attribution bias leads to subjective interpretation and reaction
hostile attribution bias
tendency to interpret ambiguous or neutral behavior of others as having hostile intent. eg. BLM- police presence
How do angry rumination and alcohol affect higher-order cognitive processing
constantly thinking about and reliving an aggressive or anger inducing event, focuses all thoughts and feelings and even plans things like revenge.
hinders self control (executive functioning)
the General Aggression Model
comprehensive framework that explains how aggression arises
the effects of exposure to violence in the media on aggression
aggression is triggered not automatic
exposure to violence in media increases thoughts feelings and behaviors but no strong evidence it leads to violent crime
What are the major qualifications that need to be made regarding the causal link between violence in the media and aggression and violence in society
- doesnt effect everyone exposed
- may not extend to violence
- other variables are involved
- some studies show no link
- correlation is not causation
- individuality/ culture matters
the effects of exposure to nonviolent and violent pornography on aggression
strong links to sexual aggression
links sex/aggression with increased arousal leading to increased aggression during arousal
