Unit 5

Question 1

stereotypes

Answer 1

beliefs we have about others based on their group membership. Links people together based on common traits or characteristics. eg. engineers are good at math

Question 2

prejudice

Answer 2

reflects negative feelings about others based on group membership

Question 3

discrimination.

Answer 3

actions towards others based on their group membership eg not hiring a teen or someone of a certain race.

Question 4

modern racism

Answer 4

a subtle, indirect form of racism that surfaces when it is safe, socially acceptable, and least likely to cause problems. more subtle than traditional racism. eg. where are you from your English is so good, implies they are foreign but they are not.

Question 5

implicit racism

Answer 5

unconscious, unintentional racism eg. interviewing someone cause their name sounds white but you are unaware that you are doing it

Question 6

ambivalent sexism

Answer 6

coexistence of two attitudes toward women eg. women and such great care takers thats why they shouldn’t be in managerial roles
- a form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate/ chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.

Question 7

Provide two examples of gender stereotypes.

Answer 7

• men are strong and shouldnt show emotions
• women are better at nurturing so should stay home form work
• pink and blue jobs

Question 8

stereotype threat

Answer 8

experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about ones group

Question 9

Why does stereotype threat occur, and what are its potential consequences

Answer 9

occurs in academic domains’ increasing chance of mistake, decreasing confidence causes physiological arousal/stress, decreased cognitive resources, loss of focus and impaired memory

Question 10

social categorization

Answer 10

classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributions

Question 11

advantages of social categorization

Answer 11

• saves time and money using group associations for inferences about them.
• natural and adaptive

Question 12

disadvantages of social categorization

Answer 12

• over estimates differences between groups
• underestimates differences within groups

Question 13

ingroups

Answer 13

groups in which an individual feels a sense of membership belonging and identity.

Question 14

outgroups.

Answer 14

groups in which an individual does not feel a sense of belonging, membership or identity. Viewed as all the same, viewing the group as a whole form the outside (less personal) Rarely see a diverse sample of the population some times portrayed as objects eg. jews in the holocost

Question 15

How are ingroup members perceived differently from outgroup members?

Answer 15

Ingroup Members (people we see as part of “us”)
Seen as more trustworthy, intelligent, and moral

Judged more favorably and given the benefit of the doubt

Actions are often excused or justified (e.g., “They didn’t mean it”)

2. Outgroup Members (people we see as “them”)
   Viewed as less trustworthy, less competent, or even threatening

Negative behavior is blamed on personal traits (e.g., “That’s how they are”)

Positive behavior may be dismissed as an exception

Question 16

the Robbers Cave study

Answer 16

setting in a park, small group of 11 year olds all strangers. they labeled their group then found that there were more than one group.
- studied competitiveness and cooperation
- pitted against each other became monsters of competition and refused to acknowledge or support the other team until asked to cooperate, this bonded the groups

Question 17

realistic conflict theory

Answer 17

theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for resources

Question 18

What role does relative deprivation play in fostering prejudice

Answer 18

feelings of discontent arise by the beliefs that one fares poorly compared to others

Question 19

social identity theory

Answer 19

proposed to explain favoritism of ingroups
- theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups to enhance self esteem, personal identity or social identity. decrease self esteem increases group favoritism

Question 20

When and how do children first learn about their gender identity and about gender stereotypes

Answer 20

kids first gender identity comes at birth assigned by doctor, or now a days at a gender reveal
- children distinguish gender by first birthday and identify themselves as boys or girls by age 3
- gender stereo types are distinguished with types of clothing, toys, colors or objects. They learn from those around them.

Question 21

sociocultural factors that help to strengthen and maintain gender and other stereotypes

Answer 21

• Family Socialization
• Education Systems
• Media and Pop Culture
• Religion and Cultural Traditions
• Institutional Structures
• language and communications

Question 22

confirmation bias

Answer 22

individuals selectively seek out, interpret and remember info that aligns with their stereotypes, discounting contradicting evidence. eg. left handed people are artistic, when you meet a left handed artist it will stick in your mind and you will remember it vs all the other left handed people you have met.

Question 23

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 23

stereotypes shape how individuals interact with stereotypical groups often influencing behavior confirming stereotype.
eg. if it is expected that a student will do poorly the teach will help them less leading to them actually doing poorly

Question 24

attribution

Answer 24

explaining away behaviour either your own or others

Question 25

subtyping

Answer 25

instead of changing the stereo type one believes they can create a subgroup

Question 26

How do confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecy, attribution, and subtyping help to perpetuate stereotypes?

Answer 26

all psychological mechanisms that contribute to the perpetuation of stereotypes by reinforcing biased beliefs and creating a cycle of behavior that aligns with those beliefs. Confirmation bias keeps us focused on evidence that supports the stereotype. Self-fulfilling prophecies cause behaviors that confirm the stereotype. Attribution ensures we blame group membership for negative behavior, while excusing positive behavior. Subtyping allows exceptions to exist without challenging the stereotype as a whole.

Question 27

contact hypothesis

Answer 27

theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce inter group prejudice under certain circumstances

Question 28

conditions that intergroup contact must satisfy for prejudice to decrease

Answer 28

1) equal status- contact on equal ground 2) personal interaction- one on one interactions 3) cooperative activities- work together 4) social norms- favors intergroup contact Friendships are key

Question 29

the jigsaw classroom

Answer 29

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts. - racially and academically mixed classrooms. - each member learns a part and teaches it to others - all members need to be part of the whole for the group to succeed Results in group cohesion, less prejudice, and increased self esteem - more likely to classify outgroup members as part of their own ingroup seeing "fellow classmates" not race.

Question 30

aversive racism

Answer 30

subtle, often unconscious form of prejudice. eg. being equal treatment for all but then avoiding walking down a street that has lots of black people. aversive racism occurs when people believe they are non-prejudiced and support equality, but still hold negative feelings or beliefs about other racial groups

Question 31

social role theory

Answer 31

small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.