UNIT 3

Question 1

the three components of the self

Answer 1

Self concept
self esteem
self presentation

Question 2

When does self-recognition begin to occur in humans

Answer 2

To be into notice self at eighteen to twenty four months with recognition of mirror reflection

Question 3

role does self-recognition play in the development of self-concept

Answer 3

The 1st step in the evolution and development of self concept is the ability to see oneself as a distinct entity in the world.

Question 4

role do other people play in the development of self-concept

Answer 4

we often create our self concept by imagining how others see us or perceive us and incorporate that into our own views

Question 5

self-concept

Answer 5

the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves

Question 6

self-perception theory

Answer 6

the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret people gain self insight by observing their own behavior and the situation for which it takes place. eg. not knowing you are angry but in the moment you express great anger

Question 7

How can the self-perception theory be used to understand emotion, behaviour, and motivation?

Answer 7

you learn about your self when the situation does not match your behavior
- look to their behavior to infer emotion
- external actions can shape attitudes. when your intent does not match your perception of self after doing something
- Self-perception theory helps explain the over justification effect, where external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Question 8

intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

motivation from within ones self eg. an interest, challenge, or enjoyment

Question 9

extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

motivation from outside of oneself eg. wages, reward, grades

Question 10

factors that can influence the effect of extrinsic factors on intrinsic motivation.

Answer 10

• peoples individual motivations (personal)
• pressure felt to gain the rewards eg. fulfilling obligations
• the meaning and value of the reward

Question 11

social comparison theory

Answer 11

theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others

Question 12

When do people engage in social comparison, and with whom do they compare themselves?

Answer 12

• compare in new situations
• compare to people similar to you in the relevant field
• compare to those with similar personal histories
• compare when low self esteem or confidence

Question 13

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 13

theory that the experience of emotion is based on 2 factors:
1) physiological arousal
2) cognitive interpretation of arousal

Question 14

Under what conditions does the social context not influence one’s interpretation of unclear emotional states

Answer 14

• person is not experiencing any physiological arousal
• source of arousal is obvious or easily attributed
• Highly Self-Aware or Cognitively Engaged
• If others around you are unreactive, unfamiliar, or ambiguous themselves

Question 15

What experiences do we tend to remember about ourselves? How are these autobiographical memories related to our sense of self?

Answer 15

• memories shape our self for the full length of our lives
• short term memories but as we age we reach further back for memories recalling a lot of firsts
• we remember inflations of memories that inflate the self
• we often link the past to the present
• significant events in life time stamp ourmemories

Question 16

individualism

Answer 16

focus on the good of oneself

Question 17

collectivism

Answer 17

focus on the good of the group

Question 18

In what ways can individualistic and collectivistic cultural orientation influence one’s self-concept

Answer 18

one sees themselves as they are taught, doing the best for personal gain or doing their best for the gain of the group

Question 19

self-esteem

Answer 19

an evaluation component of the self including negative and positive components of ones self

Question 20

Is one’s self-esteem stable or unstable throughout life

Answer 20

fluctuates through life with accomplishment’s and failures and age.

Question 21

actual self

Answer 21

traits that describe the person you think you are

Question 22

ought self

Answer 22

traits that describe the person you should be

Question 23

ideal self.

Answer 23

traits that describe the person you would like to be

Question 24

How are these concepts used in the self-discrepancy theory to account for one’s self-esteem level?

Answer 24

self discrepancy is the mismatch between actual and ideal self and leaves one to feel disappointed, frustrated, unfulfilled and sad. One cannot become what they feel they would like to be. This is normal to an extent but on a high degree leads to an unhealthy self.

Question 25

self-awareness theory

Answer 25

theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, there by motivating an escape from self awareness or a change in behavior

Question 26

What situations tend to evoke self-awareness? How do people cope when they are aware of self-discrepancies?

Answer 26

the more self aware the more negatives they find. - Mirrors and Reflections - being observed or evaluated - hearing ones name or wearing a name tag reminded of your identity coping - Change the Self (Behavioral Regulation) - Escape Self-Awareness (Avoidance)

Question 27

private self-consciousness

Answer 27

individuals who are introspective attending to inner states

Question 28

public self-consciousness.

Answer 28

individuals' who focus on themselves as social objects or how they are seen by others

Question 29

limits to trying to control or change one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours through self-regulation?

Answer 29

self- regulation or gaining control over thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in order to achieve a personal or social goal. - self control is limited inner resource - self control efforts draw from a single reserve - existing self control is like flexing a muscle must be cared for and replensheid

Question 30

four ways in which people enhance their self-esteem

Answer 30

1) self serving beliefs- take credit when achieved 2) self-handicapping- people make excuses to justify future performances, admit to lesser performance and shield themselves 3)basking in reflected glory- associating with others that are successful 4) downward comparison- compare to those who are worse off than you are. has uplifting effects

Question 31

relationship between self-enhancement, mental health, and perception of reality

Answer 31

there needs to be a balance. perception of reality that i accurate is critical to mental health. Realistic views of self lead to lower self esteem and even depression. Positive and inflated views of self are better adjusted and healthy but sacrifice reality. Using self enhancement bias/techniques leads to an inflamed reality but contrary to what one would think it leads to happier more balanced but can be seen by others in a negative light.

Question 32

self-presentation

Answer 32

strategies used to shape what others think of them

Question 33

two goals of self-presentation

Answer 33

strategic self-presentation and self-verification.

Question 34

strategic self-presentation

Answer 34

consists of efforts to shape others impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy or approval.

Question 35

self-verification.

Answer 35

the desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves.

Question 36

self monitoring

Answer 36

tendency to change behaviors in response to self presentation concerns in the situation

Question 37

high self-monitors

Answer 37

ready to and able to modify their behavior as they move from one setting to another. "good actors" they change as it is needed, aware of what is needed or expected in advance

Question 38

low self-monitors

Answer 38

self verifiers by nature, less concerned by social acceptability of behavior. consistent rarely changing, speak their minds and are authentic.

Question 39

who is more adaptive high monitors or low monitors?

Answer 39

high they are always changing. Constantly assessing and taking in their environment.

Question 40

2 common goals of strategic self-presentation

Answer 40

1) ingratiation - get alone with others 2) self promotion or desire to get ahead