UNIT 4

Question 1

social perception

Answer 1

It’s the process by which people come to understand one another

Question 2

how the perception of other people can be influenced by their physical appearance

Answer 2

Spreading back to the times of pythagoras and hippocrates, we analyze physical features to give us impressions of who people really were. Evolution programmed us to baby features or baby traits. Social perceivers judge your facial expressions.

Question 3

scripts

Answer 3

Preset notions about certain types of situations, context for settings, influence anticipation.
Scripts or previous knowledge of social settings allows us to apply context to our physical observations, impacting our understanding of verbal and nonverbal behavior.

Question 4

six “primary” emotions expressed by the face

Answer 4

Fear
happiness
anger
sadness
disgust
surprise

Question 5

how people use non-verbal cues such as eye contact to judge others

Answer 5

Nonverbal cues have meaning attached to them. The meaning is read from the queues and applied to the context culture or impression. eg. Eye contact or no eye contact

Question 6

channels of communication are most likely to reveal that someone is lying

Answer 6

The spoken word - words chosen
the face- facial expression
the body- body cues/posture
the voice- voice is most telling, hesitation, speed, pitch

Question 7

personal attributions

Answer 7

Internal characteristics of an actor such as ability, personality, mood or effort.

Question 8

situational attributions

Answer 8

Factors external to the actors, such as the task or other people or their luck

Question 9

correspondent inference theory

Answer 9

psychological theory that explains how people judge others’ behaviors and decide what those behaviors say about their personality or character.

Question 10

covariation principle

Answer 10

Principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not

Question 11

cognitive heuristics

Answer 11

mental shortcuts or simple rules our brains use to make decisions or solve problems quickly and efficiently

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

A tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind

Question 13

false-consensus effect

Answer 13

Tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinion attributes or behaviors. Eg. Going to managment with assumptions of ataff support

Question 14

the base-rate fallacy

Answer 14

The fighting that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.

Question 15

how the availability heuristic can give rise to the false-consensus effect and the base-rate fallacy

Answer 15

The availability heuristic leads us to make judgments based on what comes to mind easily. This can cause:

The false-consensus effect, where we overestimate how many people share our views because those views are common in our circle and easy to recall.

The base-rate fallacy, where we ignore general statistics and focus on vivid examples that are more memorable.

Both effects happen because we rely on what’s easiest to remember, not what’s most accurate.

Question 16

counter-factual thinking

Answer 16

Tendwncy to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred, but did not. “What if” regret, and when we reflect on what might have been.

Question 17

When is counter-factual thinking likely to occur

Answer 17

Likely to occur in instances where we have failed or where we could have done better. The what if scenarios

Question 18

fundamental attribution error.

Answer 18

Tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior.

Question 19

two-step-process model for occurrence of the fundamental attribution error

Answer 19

1) Identify the behavior and make a quick personal attribution (simple and automatic)
2) then reassess correct, adjust that inference to include situational influences.Such as attention thought and effort

Question 20

factors make the fundamental attribution error less likely to occur

Answer 20

When there’s a lack of time or efforts or motivation, we sit in. Step one, and if we have time or motivation and put in the effort, we work on step two, which then leads to less errors

Question 21

What is the “belief in a just world

Answer 21

Suggest that individuals get what they deserve in life, which leads to people to disparage victims

Question 22

summation model

Answer 22

We mentally add up all the positive and negative traits of a person.The more positive or the more negative increases, or decreases our impression

Question 23

averaging model of impression formation

Answer 23

Our impressions are based on average traits observed, for example, highly positive trades. Would be lowered by one or two negative traits

Question 24

information integration theory

Answer 24

how individuals combine information from multiple sources to form judgments or attitudes about people, objects, or situations.
Impressions are based on two things:
1) perceiver dispositions
2) weighted average of target persons traits

Question 25

How do characteristics of the perceiver influence impression formation

Answer 25

- each of us is more sensitive to more traits than the others - we use ourselves as a standard - mood and mental state influence

Question 26

How do characteristics of the target influence impression formation

Answer 26

- negative is dominant - pre-existing knowledge - negativity bias from negative info - Innuendo effect absence of traits leads to negative assumptions - primary effect first info shapes first impression - stigma by association

Question 27

implicit personality theory

Answer 27

The network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits and behaviors

Question 28

how the assumption of an implicit personality can affect a person’s impression of other people

Answer 28

If one has one trait leads us to believe that they have another, if they're poor it leads us to believe that they are lazy, funny.People are alleged to believe that they are happy

Question 29

central traits

Answer 29

key personality characteristics that strongly shape how we perceive someone.

Question 30

How do central traits affect a person’s impression of other people

Answer 30

Imply the presence of certain other traits that influence impressions warm.They're friendly cold not friendly

Question 31

primacy effect

Answer 31

Tendency for information presented early in sequence to have more of an impact on impressions, then the later.

Question 32

two main explanations for the primary effect.

Answer 32

In order for new information to be considered or taken seriously, it must be truthworthy. Trustworthy an informative. 1) once perceivers, think that they have found an accurate impression.They tend to pay less attention to subsequent information 2) change of meaning hypothesis once an impression is formed, we start to interpret inconsistent info in light of that impression we see people who are proud as conceited or self respecting.

Question 33

Describe how people’s beliefs can create the reality they expect

Answer 33

We see and hear what we expect. To once we have a belief, we create explanations to support and make sense of that belief, these explanations allow us to hold on to these beliefs. A formed opinion is strengthened by thinking about it, thinking someone has specific trait. We search one sidedly for information, making that belief a real reality. We are blinded by existing beliefs.

Question 34

belief perseverance

Answer 34

A tendency to retain one's beliefs even after they are discredited

Question 35

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 35

Process, by which one's expectations about a person eventually led to the person to behave in ways that confirm expectations.

Question 36

How do a person's beliefs create a reality they expect

Answer 36

1) perciever forms impression 2) perciever behaved consistently with impression 3) target person un knowingly changes behavior to match perceptions Confirms 1st impression