Unit 19: Plant Form and Function Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are the two characteristics of the kingdom plantae?
A
Has no seeds or has seeds.
2
Q
What has no true roots, stems, leaves, or seeds?
A
Algae.
3
Q
What has some root and leaf-like structures? Has no seeds?
A
Mosses
4
Q
What has roots, stems, and leaves? Has no seeds?
A
Ferns
5
Q
What has seeds but no flowers? Needle-like leaves (Conifers) or wide leaves (Ginkos and cycads)?
A
Gymnosperms
6
Q
What has seeds and flowers?
A
Angiosperms.
7
Q
What is photosynthesis?
A
Plants carry out photosynthesis and capture sunlight energy to build carbohydrates.
8
Q
What is indeterminate growth in a plant?
A
Most plants grow throughout their lives and exhibit indeterminate growth.
9
Q
What does photosynthesis need to occur efficiently?
A
Plants need large amounts of light, CO2, and water.
10
Q
What two basic systems do plants use to acquire resources for photosynthesis?
A
- Above ground plants use shoot system.
- Below ground plants use root system.
11
Q
What is the purpose of the above ground shoot system of a plant?
A
Shoot system harvests light and carbon dioxide from atmosphere to produce sugars.
12
Q
What is the below ground root system of a plant?
A
Root system anchors plant and takes in water and nutrients from soil.
13
Q
Both the shoot system and root system make up the ____ ____.
A
plant body
14
Q
Know all the parts of a plant?
A
15
Q
Cells that use absorbed light and molecules occupy _______.
A
volume
16
Q
What makes a plant efficient in absorption?
A
Plant is efficient in absorption if it has a large surface area relative to its volume.
17
Q
Many root systems have _______ and ____ _____.
A
Many root systems have taproot and lateral roots.
18
Q
What are taproots?
A
Taproots are a type of root system where a single, thick main root grows straight down into the soil, with smaller lateral roots branching off from it.
19
Q
What are fibrous roots?
A
A type of root system made up of many similarly sized thin roots growing from the base of the stem.
20
Q
What are lateral roots?
A
Roots that branch off from a primary (main) root.
21
Q
Do we need to know specific plants and their corresponding roots?? (Slide 10)
A
22
Q
What are three ways in which root systems diversity can be analyzed?
A
- Morphological diversity
- Phenotypic plasticity
- Modified roots
23
Q
What is morphological diversity?
A
How the physical structure (shape, size, and features) of roots and leaves allows them to efficiently perform tasks like absorbing nutrients and performing photosynthesis.
24
Q
What is phenotypic plasticity?
A
Changes in structure in individual’s root system in response to the environment.
25
What are modified roots?
They are specialized for unusual functions.
26
What an example of morphological diversity in root systems?
Prairie plants.
27
What type of plants do many prairies support?
Prairies are grassland ecosystems that support many herbaceous plants.
28
What are herbaceous plants?
Seed plants that lack woody tissue (don't have hard, thick stems like trees).
29
What type of root systems do prairie grasses have?
Root systems or prairie grasses are perennial and fibrous.
30
How do roots show phenotypic plasticity?
Genetically identical individuals may have very different root systems in different environments.
31
How are spruce trees an example of phenotypic plasticity? (3 things)
1. Tend to have root systems less than a meter deep in wet soil.
2. Wet soil lacks oxygen, so their roots are shallow.
3. Same tree in drier soil would have deeper root system.
32
What are modified roots formed by?
Modified roots are formed by various types of plants.
33
What are three types of modified roots?
1. Adventitious roots
2. Pneumatophores
3. Storage roots
34
What are adventitious roots?
They are a modified root that grow from the shoot system.
35
What are two examples of an adventitious roots (type of modified root)?
1. In ivy, adventitious roots act to anchor the plant.
2. Prop roots of corn brace the plant.
36
What are pneumatophores?
They are modified roots. They are specialized lateral roots in some plants.
37
What are two examples of specialized functions of pneumatophores?
1. Function in gas exchange.
2. Oxygen in atmosphere can diffuse into root system through pneumatophores.
38
What are storage roots?
Are a type of modified root seen in biennial plants (carrots, beets). They are thick taproots that store carbohydrates during plant's first two growing seasons.
39
What are the three anatomical features of the shoot system?
1. Stems
2. Leaves
3. Axillary (or lateral) buds
40
What are stems?
First part of the shoot system. They are vertical above-ground structures that consist of nodes where leaves are attached. Also have internodes, segments between nodes.
41
What are leaves?
They project from stem laterally on stalk called petlode.
42
What are axillary buds?
Axillary buds may grow into a branch- a lateral extension of a shoot system.
43
What is a apical bud?
The tip of each stem and branch contains an apical bud.
44
What may apical and axillary buds develop into?
May develop into flowers.
45
Morphological Diversity in Shoot Systems: Variation in ____ and _____ of shoot system of various species minimizes ________ ___ _____.
Variation in size and shape of shoot system of various species minimizes competition for light.
46
Phenotypic plasticity in shoot systems: ___ and ___ of a plant's ____ system can vary based on variation in ______ conditions.
Size and shape of a plant's shoot system can vary based on variation in growing conditions.
47
In modified stems, the stems of many plants serve ______ ______.
specialized functions.
48
What are five examples of modified stems?
1. Stolons
2. Cactus stems
3. Rhizomes
4. Tubers
5. Thorns
49
What is a cactus as a plant stem that serves a specialized function?
Stems are modified for water storage and photosynthesis.
50
What are stolons as plant stems that serve a specialized function?
Modified stems that grow horizontally, producing adventitious roots and leaves at each node.
51
What are rhizomes as plant stems that serve a specialized function?
Stems that grow horizontally underground and function in asexual reproduction.
52
What are tubers as plant stems that serve a specialized function?
Underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate- storage organs.
53
What are thorns as plant stems that serve a specialized function?
Modified stems that protect plants.
54
What is the purpose of leaves?
Leaf's relatively large surface area is available for absorbing photons and supporting photosynthesis.
55
What are the two main structures of a simple leaf?
1. Expanded blade
2. Stalk called petiole
56
Plants that thrive in deserts and in cold, dry habitats tend to have _____, ________ leaves.
Plants that thrive in deserts and in cold, dry habitats tend to have small, needlelike leaves.
57
What is transpiration?
Leaves with a large surface area lose large amounts of water through transpiration.
58
What are four different arrangements of leaves on a stem?
1. Whorled leaves
2. Opposite leaves
3. Alternate leaves
4. Rosette
59
Although leaves do not grow _______, they do exhibit _______ _______.
Although leaves do not grow continuously, they do exhibit phenotypic plasticity.
60
What are sun leaves?
Have relatively small surface area, reducing water loos in areas of body where light is abundant.
61
What are shade leaves?
Relatively large and broad, providing high surface area to maximize photon absorption.
62
What are three ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells?
1. Plant cells are surrounded by a cellulose-rich primary cell wall.
2. Some plant cells have a rigid secondary cell wall.
3. Cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata.
63
What are chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
64
What do non-photosynthetic cells contain in plants?
Non-photosynthetic cells
may have organelles that are similar to chloroplasts. Modified for storage of pigments, starch, oil, or proteins.
65
What are vacuoles?
Contain aqueous solution called cell sap and store waste, water, and nutrients.
66
What is tissue?
Group of cells that function as a unit.
67
How are tissues grouped within plants?
Plant tissues grouped into tissue systems, based on their structural features and location within plant.
68
What are simple tissues versus complex tissues?
Simple tissues consist of a single cell type; complex tissues contain several types of cells.
69
What are the three tissue systems found in plants?
1. The dermal tissue system
2. The ground tissue system
3. The vascular tissue system
70
What is the dermal tissue system?
The dermal tissue system is the outer covering of the plant.
71
What is the ground tissue system?
The ground tissue system carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant.
72
What is the vascular tissue system?
The vascular tissue system conducts water and solutes throughout the plant.
73
What is epidermis?
The term epidermis refers to the main tissue in the dermal system. It is the outermost layer of cells on leaves, stems, and roots.
74
What is epidermis's primary function in shoots?
In shoots, primary function is to protect plant.
75
What is epidermis's primary function in roots?
In roots, primary function is absorbing water and nutrients.
76
What is the cuticle?
A waxy layer that's part of the dermal tissue system that coats the surface of leaves and stems.
77
What are two functions of the cuticle?
1. Minimizes water loss.
2. Forms a barrier to protect plant from viruses, bacteria.
78
What are stomata?
They are part of the dermal tissue system and are pores that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit photosynthetically active tissues.
79
What are stoma (singular stomata) surrounded by?
Surrounded by two specialized guard cells that change shape to open and close the stoma.
80
What are trichomes?
They are a part of the dermal tissue system and are hairlike appendages made of specialized epidermal cells.
81
What are the four functions of trichomes?
1. Keep the plant's surface cool by reflecting sunlight.
2. Reduce water loss by limiting transpiration.
3. Provide toxins to protect from herbivores.
4. Trap and digest insects.
82
What plant tissue system does most photosynthesis occur?
Most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage takes place in the ground tissue system.
83
What two complex tissues make up the vascular tissue system?
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
84
What is the phloem?
It's part of the vascular tissue system and transports sugars, aminos acids, and
hormones from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots.
85
What is the Xylem?
It's part of the vascular tissue system and helps transport water and dissolved nutrients from the root system to the shoot system.
86
Plants grow throughout their lives because they have many __________.
meristems
87
What are meristems?
Populations of undifferentiated cells that retain ability to undergo mitosis.
88
What are apical meristems? Where are they found?
Found at the tip of each root and shoot and are responsible for primary growth.
89
What do cells and tissues derived from the apical meristems make up?
As these cells divide, they form all the tissues that make up the primary plant body (like new stems, leaves, and roots).
90
What are the three meristematic tissues?
1. Apical meristem- increases height of plant
2. Intercalary meristem- Increases the internode length of plant
3. Lateral meristem- increases girth
91
What is the root cap of the root apical meristem?
The root apical meristem is protected by a group of cells called the root cap.
92
What are the two functions of the root cap?
1. Senses gravity to determine the direction of growth.
2. Secretes lubricant to reduce friction as apical meristem is pushed through soil.
93
How does the root cap get constantly replaced?
The root cap is like a helmet for the growing root tip, but it gets scraped off by the soil, so the meristem keeps making new “helmet cells” to replace the old ones.
94
What are the three zones of root growth?
1. The zone of cellular division
2. The zone of cellular elongation
3. The zone of cellular maturation
95
What is the zone of cellular division?
The zone of cellular division contains the apical meristem, contains actively dividing cells that make new root tissues.
96
What is the zone of cellular elongation?
Above the apical meristem and increases in length.
97
What is the zone of cellular maturation?
Differentiate into dermal, vascular, or ground tissue and absorb water and nutrients through root hairs.
98
______ _______ increase ____ of plant leading to _________ ______.
Lateral meristems increase girth of plant leading to secondary growth.
99
What are the two functions of secondary growth?
1. Increases width of roots and shoots.
2. Provides structural support.
100
What does secondary growth produce?
Wood
101
What is a cambium?
It’s responsible for secondary growth, which means growth in thickness (width), not length.
102
What are the two types of cambia in plants?
1. Vascular cambium
2. Cork cambium
103
Where is vascular cambium located?
Between secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
104
Where is cork cambium located?
Near the outer perimeter of the root, trunk, or branch.
105
In a tree trunk, the older innermost ________ _____ accumulates protective compounds such as ______ and ____.
In a tree trunk, the older innermost secondary xylem accumulates protective compounds such as resins and gums.
106
What is a heartwood?
Dark-colored, inner xylem is called heartwood.
107
What is a sapwood?
Light-colored, outer xylem is called sapwood.
108
When do annual growth rings on tree go dormant?
Vascular cambium stops growing during winter in cold climates or during dry season in topical habitats.
109
What does dormancy result in?
This results in formation of annual tree rings.
110
What is the difference in tree growth rings between wet years and drought years?
Wide rings = wet years, narrow rings = drought years
