Unit 21: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Animal structure is a result of adaptation of millions of years and is directly related to function. What two things are animals generally studied by?

Answer 1

1. Anatomy
2. Physiology

Question 2

What is anatomy?

Answer 2

Anatomy refers to an organism’s physical structure or form.

Question 3

What is physiology?

Answer 3

Physiology is the study of how the physical structures in an organism function.

Question 4

Biologists who study animal anatomy and physiology are studying ___________.

Answer 4

adaptations

Question 5

What are adaptations?

Answer 5

Heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack those traits.

Question 6

What is the most important constraint on adaptation?

Answer 6

Most important constraint on adaptation may be trade-offs which is inescapable compromises between traits.

Question 7

What are examples of trade-offs?

Answer 7

1. Energy needed to produce offspring.
2. Energy needed to mount immune response during an infection.
3. Animals may not have enough to satisfy both need

Question 8

What is adaptation?

Answer 8

Genetic change in population in
response to natural selection exerted by environment.

Question 9

What is acclimatization?

Answer 9

Phenotypic change that occurs in an
individual in response to environmental fluctuations. Is short term and reversable.

Question 10

How does an adaptive structure occur?

Answer 10

If mutant allele alters size and
shape of structure to make its
function more efficient:
- Individuals with that allele
produce more offspring
- Allele will increase in
frequency over time

Question 11

What is tissue?

Answer 11

Group of similar cells that work together as a unit to perform the same function.

Question 12

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 12

1. Nervous tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
4. Connective tissue

Question 13

What does epithelial tissue form?

Answer 13

Epithelial cells typically form
layers of closely packed cells.

Question 14

Where is epithelial tissue located?

Answer 14

Tissues that cover the outside of the
body, line surfaces of organs, and
form glands.

Question 15

What are the two major subtypes types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 15

1. Simple epithelia
2. Stratified epithelia

Question 16

What is simple epithelia?

Answer 16

Only a single cell layer thick. Allows gases, water, nutrients, and other substances to move across easily.

Question 17

What is stratified epithelia?

Answer 17

Layers of closely packed cells
Protect body surfaces from environment. Protection, secretion and absorption.

Question 18

Where is connective tissue located?

Answer 18

Throughout the body, connecting and supporting other tissues.

Question 19

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 19

Consists of cells loosely arranged in
a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix. (Collagen, reticular fibers, and elastin).

Question 20

What are the four subtypes of connective tissue?

Answer 20

1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue
3. Supporting connective tissue
4. Fluid connective tissue

Question 21

What is loose connective tissue?

Answer 21

Contains an array of fibrous
proteins in a soft matrix

Question 22

What is dense connective tissue?

Answer 22

Contains a matrix dominated by
tough collagen fibers that are
secreted by fibroblasts.

Question 23

What is supporting connective tissue?

Answer 23

Has a firm extracellular matrix.

Question 24

What is fluid connective tissue?

Answer 24

Cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.

Question 25

Where is muscle tissue located?

Answer 25

Throughout the body in muscles.

Question 26

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 26

Movement of the body, pumping of heart, and mixing of food in GI tract.

Question 27

What are the three subtypes of muscle tissue?

Answer 27

1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

Question 28

Where is nervous tissue located?

Answer 28

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Question 29

What is the function of the nervous issue?

Answer 29

Transmit electrical signals by changes in permeability of the cell’s plasma membrane to ions (action potentials).

Question 30

What are the two subtypes of nervous issue?

Answer 30

1. Dendrites 2. Axons

Question 31

What are dendrites?

Answer 31

Transmit electrical signals from adjacent cells to the neuronal cell body. (receive signals)

Question 32

What are axons?

Answer 32

Carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells. (send signals)

Question 33

What are organs?

Answer 33

Are structures composed of multiple tissue types working together to perform specific functions.

Question 34

What are tissues?

Answer 34

Are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Organs are more complex than tissues because they integrate multiple tissue types to perform more sophisticated functions.

Question 35

How does volume and surface area affect cell size and shape?

Answer 35

As cells grow larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. Since nutrients and waste must pass through the cell membrane (surface), there's a limit to how large cells can be before diffusion becomes inefficient.

Question 36

How does volume and surface area affect body size?

Answer 36

Larger animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio, which affects their ability to exchange heat, gases, nutrients, and waste with the environment

Question 37

How does volume and surface area affect metabolic rate?

Answer 37

Smaller animals have higher surface area to volume ratios and typically higher mass specific metabolic rates.

Question 38

What are three adaptations that increase surface area?

Answer 38

1. Flattening 2. Folding 3. Branching

Question 39

What is an example of flattening?

Answer 39

Many organisms have flattened structures to increase surface area, like the thin, flat leaves of plants.

Question 40

What is an example of folding?

Answer 40

The intestines have numerous folds and villi that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

Question 41

What is an example of branching?

Answer 41

Blood vessels branch extensively into capillaries to maximize surface area for gas and nutrient exchange.

Question 42

What is homeostasis?

Answer 42

Is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 43

What are two approaches to homeostasis?

Answer 43

1. Conformers 2. Regulators

Question 44

What are conformers? Given an example.

Answer 44

Animals whose internal conditions change with the external environment. Ex. reptiles and amphibians cannot regulate their body temperature independently of the environment

Question 45

What are regulators?

Answer 45

Animals that maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external changes. Ex. Humans maintain a stable body temperature despite environmental temperature fluctuations

Question 46

What are endotherms?

Answer 46

(like mammals and birds) generate heat internally through metabolism to maintain body temperature. They use part of their energy to create heat for a constant internal temperature.

Question 47

What are ectotherms?

Answer 47

(like reptiles, amphibians, and fish) rely on external heat sources to regulate body temperature. They cannot generate significant internal heat and must use behavioral adaptations like sunning themselves to warm up.

Question 48

What are the three components of homeostatic systems?

Answer 48

1. Sensors 2. Control centers 3. Effectors

Question 49

What are sensors?

Answer 49

Detect changes in the internal environment.

Question 50

What are control centers?

Answer 50

Process information from sensors.

Question 51

What are effectors?

Answer 51

Respond to signals from the control center to restore balance.

Question 52

What are four mechanisms of heat transfer?

Answer 52

1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation 4. Evaporation

Question 53

What is conduction?

Answer 53

Direct transfer between objects.

Question 54

What is convection?

Answer 54

Transfer via fluids/air.

Question 55

What is radiation?

Answer 55

Electromagnetic heat transfer.

Question 56

What is evaporation?

Answer 56

Cooling through water vaporization.

Question 57

What are two regulatory strategies that have evolved in animals?

Answer 57

1. Torpor 2. Hibernation

Question 58

What is torpor?

Answer 58

Temporary decrease in body temperature and metabolism.

Question 59

What is hibernation?

Answer 59

Longer period of torpor during seasonal changes.