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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Vitamin C, Iron, Magnesium Ions, and Zinc can act as

A

Enzyme factors

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2
Q

What are types of nucleotides

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

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3
Q

In ____ feedback of a metabolic pathway, the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its formation

A

negative

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4
Q

ATP is used to drive endergonic, and then ADP…

A

is recycled back to ATP

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5
Q

Build molecules, recycle cell parts, and copying DNA are functions of what

A

enzymes

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6
Q

Active transport requires what to operate

A

Energy (ATP) and transport proteins

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7
Q

Activation energy is what

A

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

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8
Q

Coenzymes are enzyme cofactors that are…

A

organic molecules

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9
Q

What is the spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated is called

A

diffusion

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10
Q

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the assistance of proteins is a membrane transport process called

A

simple diffusion

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11
Q

Movement of solutes from high to low concentration with a transport protein is what

A

facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

What is the movement of water from areas of high water concentration to ares of low water concentration

A

osmosis

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13
Q

What is the movement of solutes from low to high concentration with a transport protein

A

active transport

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14
Q

simple diffusion of water describes what

A

osmosis

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15
Q

Passive transport is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane _____ using energy

A

without

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16
Q

Active transport requires ____ and a ____ to

A

ATP and a carrier molecule

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17
Q

In diffusion, a substance moves

A

by passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

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18
Q

In simple diffusion a substance moves ….

A

up down its concentration gradient

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19
Q

Exocytosis is substances that are ____ or ____ from the cell using vesicles

A

secreted or released

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20
Q

Endocytosis is when

A

substances are taken into the cell using vesicles

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21
Q

How does the knifefish increase the volume of the electric field by changing the numnber of ion channels in its cell membrane

A

exocytosis of vesicles containing ion channels

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22
Q

What is the term used to describe any nonprotein ion or organic molecule that aids an enzyme in catalyzing chemical reactions

A

cofactor

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23
Q

What is the function of the knifefish electric organ

A

generates an electric filed that detects objects and organisms

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24
Q

What type of organism has the ability to produce organic compounds from inorganic substances

A

autotroph

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25
Glucose and Oxygen are molecules that are products of what
photosynthesis
26
Glucose combines with other molecules to form larger compounds, build cellulose of cell walls, and energy for cellular respiration. What is the action of this
This is what happens to glucose produced in photosynthesis
27
Oxygen from photosynthesis combines with free oxygen atoms in the atmosphere to produces____, which shields Earth from harmful UV radiation
ozone
28
What is the percent of the sunlight reaching Earth that is captured in photosynthesis
1%
29
Organisms called _____ are able to use inorganic molecules to make organic compounds
autotrophs
30
All electromagnetic radiation consists of photons, which are discrete packets of ______ energy
kinetic
31
In the overall reaction of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water molecules are converted into oxygen gas and ____, which the plant uses for food
glucose
32
What product of photosynthesis is used as a building block for the cellulose found in plant cell walls?
glucose
33
2.4 billion years ago, the gas ____ began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere due to photosynthesis conducted by ancient _______
oxygen; cyanobacteria
34
In plants, molecules called pigments are able to capture _____ for photosynthesis
light energy
35
Light consists of _____, which are discrete packets of kinetic energy
photons
36
Openings in the epidermis of a plant leaf or stem permit the _____ required for photosynthesis
gas exchange
37
In plants and algae, photosynthesis tkes place in organelles called _____, which contain thylakoid membranes embedded with the pigment chlorophyll
chloroplast
38
Acessory pigments, proteins, chlorophyll pigments, and a reaction center chlorophyll are components of what
a photosystem
39
What are the two stages of photosynthesis
carbon reactions and light reactions
40
Chlorophyll and carotenoids are examples of ____, which are molecules that can absorb light energy
pigments
41
Photosystem II, Photosystem I, enzyme that produces NADPH, and proton pump protein are components of what
the phososynthetic electron transport chain
42
Plants conduct gas exchange in photosynthesis by bringing in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through openings called
stomata
43
In what organellese does photosynthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell
chloroplasts
44
Grouping a photosynthetic pigments and associated proteins is called a ______, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplassts
photsystem
45
The light reactions produce ______, and the carbon reactions produce _____.
ATP and NADPH; glucose
46
Electron tranpsort chains release ______ through shuttling of electrons in the light reactions
energy
47
When pigments in photosystem II absorb light energy, ______ are boosted to a higher energy level and passed to the electrom transport chain that links the two photoystems
electrons
48
Each plant photosystem contains about 300 _____ molecules and 50 accessory pigments
chlorophyll a
49
In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into
glucose and other sugars
50
In photosystem I, electrons ejected from the reaction center are replaced with electrons passed down the electron transport chain from
photosystem II
51
A group of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that shuttles electrons between the proteins and other carriers is called a _____
electron transport chain
52
The Calvin cycle is also called
the C3 pathway
53
Antenna pigments capture a photon of light, lightenergy is transferred to the reaction center, and two electrons carrying potential energy are passed to the electron transport chain is what
The events of photosystem II
54
In what stage of photosynthesis is carbon from CO2 used to make carbohydrate molecules
Calvin cycle
55
The enzyme rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP in a process called
photosrespiration
56
In ____ plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in bundle-sheath cells that are isolated from the leaf's air spaces, ensuring that rubisco always encounters high _____ concentrations
C4; CO2
57
In the CAM pathway, stomata are ____ at night to let CO2 in when water loss is less and are ____ during the day while maintaining a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the cloroplasts
open; closed
58
What occurs during photorespiration that stops the Calvin cycle from proceeding
Rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP
59
In the ___ of photosynthesis, the first molecule formed during carbon fixation is the four-carbon molecule oxoloacetate
C4 pathway
60
What carbon fixation pathway is CO2 incorporated into malate during the night
CAM pathway
61
What is trhe aerobic respiration in the order they occur
glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
62
In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of _____, and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH
pyruvate
63
In aerobic respiration, what group of reactions releases CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Krebs cycle
64
What are the products of aerobic respiration
ATP and CO2
65
What are the stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
66
During what step of cellular respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
glycolysis
67
In what step of aerobic cellular respiration do electrons pass through a series of membrane proteins, and the energy released by their passages is used to create a hydrogen ion gradient
electron transport chain
68
What is the electron-carrier molecules produced by the Krebs cycle
NADH and FADH2
69
How do organisms make ATP
using potential energy stored in molecules
70
Glycolysis occurs in the ____ of all living cells
cytosol
71
In the electron tranpsort chain which gradient of _____ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
hydrogen
72
Where does the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place in organelles called
mitochondria
73
CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are releases of what aerobic reaction
Krebs cycle
74
Within mitochondria, the Krebs cycle takes place in the
matrix
75
What supplies power to almost all cellular activities requiring energy
ATP
76
What converts the energy in food to an energy carrying molecule
cellular respiration
77
Where does the Krebs cycle in prokaryotes occur
cytosol
78
Where does the Krebs cycle in eukaryotes occur
mitochondrial matrix
79
Where does the electron transport in prokaryotes occur
in the cell membrane
80
Where does the electron transport in eukaryotes occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
81
Glycolysis generates ___ ATP molecules per glucoes but requires an input of ____ ATP molecules
4; 2
82
Pyruvate is the produce of glycloysis, and after it moves into the _____, it is oxidized to form _____ that enters the Krebs cylce.
Mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA
83
The electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules ____, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
84
What molecules that are reactants of glycolysis
NAD+ and glucose
85
What product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Kreb cycle
acetyl CoA
86
What step of aerobic transport respiration generates the most ATP
electron transport chain
87
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two pathways that generate ____ in the absense of _____
ATP; Oxygen
88
What cellular process generates ATP and uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain
Anaerobic respiration
89
What is the correct number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose in the glycolysis part
produces 4 ATP but requires 2 ATP; so net 2 ATP are produced
90
What is the correct number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle part
2 ATP
91
What is the correct number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose in the electron transport part
34 ATP
92
What is the correct number of ATP generated during the passage of one molecule of glucose in the theoretical total
36 ATP
93
How many molecules of ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle per every two molecules of acteyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle
2 ATP
94
In what pathway is ATP produced in glycloysis but the NADH product of glycolysis does not enter an electron transport chain
fermentation
95
What is produced/converted in alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2/ and NAD+ is produced
96
The anaerobic respiration pathway generates
less ATP than aerobic respiration

Biology (10 decks)

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