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Trimester 1 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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2
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by theory

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4
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study (unbiased)

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5
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether basic findings can be reproduced

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6
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating or controlling the situation

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8
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

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9
Q

Sampling bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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10
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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11
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fully represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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12
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and how well either factor predicts another

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13
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two individuals

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14
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

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15
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

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16
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

17
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme scores or events to fall back toward the average

18
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which one or more factors are manipulated to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)

19
Q

Experimental group

A

The group exposed to treatment, to one version of the independent variable

20
Q

Control group

A

The group not exposed to treatment, serve as comparison for evaluating the effects of treatment

21
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between groups

22
Q

Double blind procedure

A

The participants and researcher are uninformed about which group receives treatment and who doesn’t

23
Q

Placebo

A

Inert treatment-pill w/o medicine inside

Removes assumptions about medicine effects

24
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated, the variable where the effect is being studied

25
Q

Compounding variable

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

26
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

27
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

28
Q

Informed consent

A

Giving potential participants enough info about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

29
Q

Debriefing

A

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

30
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical data used to describe and measure characteristics of groups-includes measures of control tendency and measures of variation

31
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

32
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

33
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average, obtained by adding the scores and dividing the # of scores

34
Q

Medium

A

The middle score in a distribution

35
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

36
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution

37
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

38
Q

Normal curve

A

A symmetrical, Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data: most scores fall near mean

39
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Trimester 1 (9 decks)

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