Unit 6: Part 2

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

Question 2

B.F. skinner

Answer 2

Behaviorism’s most intellectual and controversial figure. Most famous for his work with operant chamber and establishing schedules of reinforcement

Question 3

Law of effect

Answer 3

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 4

Edward Thorndike

Answer 4

Was an early behaviorist who conducted experiments with cats and a puzzle box. Identified law of effect

Question 5

Punishment

Answer 5

An event that tends to decrease the the behavior it follows

Question 6

Operant chamber

Answer 6

A chamber (Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Question 7

Reinforcement

Answer 7

Any event that strengthens the behavior that follows it

Question 8

Shaping

Answer 8

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 9

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 9

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Question 10

Positive reinforcement

Answer 10

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Question 12

Primary reinforcement

Answer 12

Innately reinforcing stimuli such as those that satisfy a biological need

Question 13

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 13

Stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through their learned association with a primary reinforcer

Question 14

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 14

Patterns that define how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 15

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 15

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 16

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 16

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 17

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 17

Reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses

Question 18

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 18

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 19

Fixed interval schedules

Answer 19

Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time

Question 20

Variable interval schedules

Answer 20

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable length of time

Question 21

Biofeedback

Answer 21

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Question 22

Cognitive map

Answer 22

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Question 23

Latent learning

Answer 23

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 24

Insight

Answer 24

A sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 25

John Garcia

Answer 25

Studies taste aversion

Question 26

Taste Aversion

Answer 26

Not being able to eat a particular food after pairing it with an unpleasant experience

Question 27

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 27

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 28

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 28

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 29

Problem-focused coping

Answer 29

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor

Question 30

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 30

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Question 31

Personal control

Answer 31

Our sense of impacting and directing our environment rather than feeling hopeless

Question 32

Learned helplessness

Answer 32

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 33

External locus of control

Answer 33

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate

Question 34

Internal locus on control

Answer 34

The perception that we direct and create our own fate

Question 34

Self-control

Answer 34

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for long-term reward

Question 35

Overjustification effect

Answer 35

Excessive rewards can destroy intrinsic motivation

Question 36

Observational learning

Answer 36

Learning by observing others

Question 38

Modeling

Answer 38

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 39

Mirror neurons

Answer 39

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another do so

Question 40

Prosocial behavior

Answer 40

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior