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Psychology 290 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Drive vs Incentive Theories

A

Often contrasted as push vs pull theories.
Drive theories emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions. Motivation lies inside the organism.
Incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain direction.Motivation lies outside the organism, in the environment.

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2
Q

Expectancy Value Models of Motivation

A

Are incentive the rides that take the reality that people cant always obtain the goals they desire.
Such as good grades or choice promotions.
Ones motivation to purses a particular course of action depends on 2 factors:
1. Expectancy - about ones chances of attending the incentive
2. The value - of desired incentive

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3
Q

Incentive

A

Is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
Characteristics:
Relate to external goals
Have the capacity to motivate behavior
Are internal devices

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of physiological equilibrium or stability to behavior.
Example: you lose power. As the temp drops in your home you began to shiver. You put on a few sweaters to return to warmth.

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5
Q

Drive

A

Is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

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6
Q

Motivation

A

Involves goal directed behavior.
Motivation to achieve relevant goals can be an important determinant of adjustment.

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7
Q

What Motivational Theorists all Agree On

A

Humans display an enormous diversity of motivates. These include a host of biological motives such as hunger, thirst, sex, and a variety of social motives such as the needs for achievement, affliction, autonomy, dominance and order.

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8
Q

Motives Psychologist Study the Most

A

Hunger
Sex
Achievement

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small structure at the base of the forebrain.
Plays a role in regulating a variety of human biological needs, like hunger.
Contains the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial nucleus are elements in the neural circuitry that regulates hunger.
Arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus play a role in modulation of hunger.
Accurate nucleus appears to contain a group of neurons that are sensitive to incoming hunger signals and another group of neurons that respond to satiety signals.

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10
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone.
Contributes to the long term regulation of hunger as well as regulation of numerous other bodily functions.
Produced by fat cells throughout the body and released into the bloodstream.
Circulates through the bloodstream and provides the hypothalamus with information regarding the bodiy’s fat stores.

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11
Q

Leptin Function

A

Whenleptin levels are high, the propensity to fell hungry diminishes.
When leptin levels are low,, signals arriving in the brain promote increased hunger.

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12
Q

Gherkin

A

Biological normal factor.
Secreted by the stomach when the body goes without food for a long period of time.
Causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger.

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13
Q

3 Enviromental Factors that govern Hunger

A
  1. The availability of food
  2. Learned preferences and habits
  3. Stress
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14
Q

Obesity

A

The condition of being overweight. Measured by BMI.

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15
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

Obesity is measured in terms of BMI.
Weight in KG divided by height in meters squared kg/m2
The index of weight controls variations in height.
BMI of 25.0 - 29.9 is overweight, over 30 is considered obese.

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16
Q

Vasocongestion

A

Engorgement of blood vessels

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17
Q

Orgasm

A

Occurs when sexual arousal reaches its peak intestine and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area.

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18
Q

Set Point Theory

A

The adaptive mechanisms that tend to maintain a fairly stable body weight suggest that everyone may have a set point for weight.
Proposes that the body monitors it fat cell levels to keep them and weight fairly stable.
Example: stress has to gain 40 pounds for film so she ate more for 4 months. After the film she ate her normal pattern and the weight disappeared.

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

After an orgasm, men experience this time during which they are largely unresponsive to further stimulation.
Length of periods varied from a few minutes to a few hours and increases with age.

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20
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Refers to a persons preference for emotional and equal relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex or wither sex.

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21
Q

Heterosexuals

A

Seek emotional sexual relationships with members of the other sex.

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22
Q

Bisexual

A

Seek emotional sexual relationships with either of the sexes.

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23
Q

Homosexuals

A

Seek emotional sexual relationships with members of the same sex.

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24
Q

Components of Emotions

A
  1. Physical: is the arousal of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. Is the Physiological arousal that accompanies the emotion. Starts in the brain and are not consciously aware of this arousal.
  2. Cognitive: is our interpretation of a stimulus or feeling. It determines the specific emotion that we feel
  3. Behavioral: is the associated behaviour. It is the outward expression of the emotions
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25
Emotion
Interpretations to chemicals released in our bodies in response to how we interpret our feelings. Fear is one of the most fundamental emotions. Involves: 1. A subjective conscious experience (cognitive component) accompanied by; 2. Bodily arousal (physiological component) 3. Characteristic overt expressions (behavioral component). Expressed in body language or non verbal behavior
26
Parental Investment Theory Predications
Men: will show more interest in sexual activity, more desire for variety in sexual partners and more willingness to engage in uncommitted sex. Women: are thought to be the conservative, discriminating set that is highly selective in choosing partners.
27
Parental Investment Theory
Created by Robert Triver’s (1972) Maintains that a species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy and survival risk to produce and nurture offspring.
28
Situational Determinants of Achievement Behavior
1. Ones estimate of the probability of success for the task at hand. THis varies from task to task. 2. The incentive value of success. This depends on the tangible and intangible rewards from success on the specific task. (Ie) a student is enrolled in a university course required for graduation.
29
Relationship between Fear and Achievement Behavior
Fear is one of the most fundamental emotions. Thus, the relationship between achievement behavior and fear of failure illustrates how motivation and emotion are often intertwined. Emotion can cause motivation but does not mean they are the same thing.
30
Affiliation Motive
Is the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds. Associated needs to be loved Benefits: 1. Allows groups to share food and other resources with individual members. 2. Allows groups to provide care for offspring of all group members. 3. Provides greater defense against predators in times of danger
31
Ostracism
Involves being ignored and excluded by others in your social enviroment. Leads to increased activity in the brain area associated with feeling of physical pain. Consequence: belongingness needs are not met.
32
Achievement Motive
Is the need to master difficult challenges to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence. (Ie) putting together a jigsaw puzzle an individual with this need will choose one that is challenging but which the person will be reasonably sure they can finish.
33
Affective Forecasting
Efforts to predict ones emotional reactions to future events. Demonstrates that people reliably mispredict their future feelings in response to good and bad events.
34
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat gland increase their activity. Is a convenient and sensitive index of autonomic arousal that has been used to measure emotions.
35
Polygraphs
Or lie detector A device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned. Measures: resp rate, GSR and BP, HR (autonomic arousal Assumptions: lying causes increased emotionally, which is accompanied by physiological reactions. The accuracy of this test has been long exaggerated. Studies show that this test led to incorrect verdicts.
36
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Assert that facial muscles send signals to the brain. These signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing. Facial expression help create the subjective experience of various emotions.
37
Subjective Well Being
Individuals personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction.
38
Hedonic Adaption
Occurs when the mental state that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experience shifts so that their neutral point (or baseline for comparison) changes. This adaption effect is one reason that increases in come don’t necessarily bring increased happiness.
39
Argument
Consists of one or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion.
40
Premises
Are the reasons that re presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.
41
Assumptions
Are premise for which no proof or evidence is offered.
42
Happiness (Ingredients)
1. Health: good physical health are essential for happiness but people adapt to health problems. 2. Social activity: humans are social creatures and interpersonal relations do appear to contribute to people happiness. 3. Religion: the link between religion and subjective well being is modest. 4. Relationship Satisfaction: romantic relationships. 5. Work. Job satisfaction. 6. Genetics and Personality: he best predictor to future happiness is their past happiness.
43
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we cognitively interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experienced any emotion based on this event. Example: you are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your HR vests faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body’s preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.
44
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Argues that we experience physiological arousal and cognitive emotion at the same time, but are independent of each other. You feel both emotions and arousal (fear and trembling). Example: you are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your HR beats faster, and your breathing deepens. AT THE SAME TIME as these physiological changes occurs, you also experience the emotion of fear (and/or other emotions).
45
Schachter Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Argues that an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal, and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. Individuals can alter their emotional experiences by changing the interpretations they give to physiological arousal. Example: you are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your HR beats faster and your breath deepens. Upon noticing this arousal, you realize that it comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerously and therefore you feel the emotion of fear (and/or other emotions)
46
Amygala
Plays a particular central role for in the acquisition of conditional fears. The pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala help facilitate an instance response to fear induction stimulus.
47
Charles Darwin Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
Believed that emotions developed beasties of their adaptive value. Fear for instance would help an organism avoid danger thus, would aid in survival. Viewed human emotion as a product of evaluation.
48
Brain Regulation
The experience of hunger is controlled in the brain, specifically the hypothalamus.
49
Drive Reduction Theories
Theories that operate on the principle that you do things to eliminate the discomfort associated with a disruption of homeostasis. Often referred to as a negative feedback system. This discomfort led to a corrective action. (Ie) a drop in blood sugar produces the drive for hunger. This motivates you to eat to bring your BS back to normal level. When the hunger disappears, the drive is reduced.
50
Evolutionary Perspective of Motivation
Human motivation is centered around natural selection and that people are more likely to exhibit behaviours that maximize reproductive success and survival.
51
Biological Regulation of Hunger
Depends on signals originating in the nervous, digestive and endocrine system. (Ie) brain, stomach, hormones
52
Insulin
Horome secreted by the pancreas. Allows for glucose in the bloodstream to bone used by cells. Release can be triggered by sight and smell of food, disrupted in diabetes. Is sensitive and Influences hunger and eating by playing a role in the fluctuation of hunger and fat stores.
53
Stomach Contractions
Indicated an empty stomach
54
Activity of the Vagus Nerve
Monitors stretching of the stomach. When the stomach is full, signals are sent along this nerve to the brain.
55
Ghrelin
Hormone released by the stomach when the body goes without food. Promotes hunger to eat. Acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
56
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secreted by the large intestine after food is consumed. Signals the brain to stop eating when full.
57
Leptin
A hormone secreted by fat cells into the bloodstream.. It indicates higher level of stored hat that can be converted to energy.
58
How Does Scratcher’s Two Factor Theory differ from Canon-Bard Theory?
Only one included a description of the cognitive process involved. Schachter: states that cognitive appraisal occurs in response to physiological changed. THis appraisal forms the basis of the conscious experience. Cannon-Bard: does not include cognitive process. An event even produces the physiological changed and conscious experience at the same time. Neither incorporates factual expression or specific patterns.
59
Genetic Predisposition for the Variation of Weight
Women: 75% Men: 60% It appear that some people inherit a genetic vulnerability to obesity.
60
Belongingness Needs
The need to form and maintain lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships.
61
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Procedure often used to measure the need for achievement.
62
Physiological Component of Emotion
Emotional process are closed tired to physiological processes. These emotions are involved in areas of the brain, neurotransmitter systems, ANS and endocrine system. (Ie) you are on a roller coaster. As the coaster reaches the top and drops your BP rises rapidly and your heart starts to raise.
63
Cognitive Component of Emotions
Refers to subjective, conscious experience due to evaluation of personal expectations and experiences. Emotions are pervasive in the human behaviour. (Ie) you wait over 2 hours for the car to be serviced. The mechanic tells you it will be over another hours until it is ready. You feel furious when the mechanic tells you this,
64
Evidence to suggest the Expression of Emotion may have a Biological or Genetic Origin
There is a universal recognition of emotions from facial expressions
65
Behavioral Component of EMotions
People reveal their emotions through characteristics and overt expressions such as facial expression, body posture and vocalizations when we experience emotion.
66
Walter-Cannon Vs James-Lange Theory
1. Very different emotions are accompanied by highly similar patterns of physiologic arousal. 2. Visceral changes are too slow to precede the conscious expereince of emotion. 3. Arousal may occur without the experience of emotion
67
Primary Emotions
Fear, anger, disgust, surprise and joy
68
Emotion and Cross Cultures
Similarities: Facial expressions associated with basic emotions are universally recognized across cultures. Cross culture similarities have also been found in the cognitive appraisals that lead to certain emotions. Differences: North americas encourage socially disengaging emotions where other cultures do not. Some cultures have no word for sadness. Nonverbal expressions of emotions vary across cultures. Some do not show anger, sadness or disgust.
69
Thalamus
Area of the brain that transmits information of eliciting emotion to: 1. Amygdala 2. Cerebral Cortex
70
Belongingness Hypothesis
According to Baumeister and Leary (1995): Human beings have a pervasive need to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships.
71
Factor that Do Not Predict Happiness
1. Money 2. Age 3. Parenthood 4. Intelligent (higher IQ) 5. Attractiveness
72
Do people who admit same sex attraction always identify as gay
Many who admit same sex attraction do not self identify as either gay or bisexual
73
Pubescence
Generally Preceding adolescence.refers to the physiological changes that accompany the development of reproductive maturity. (Ie) you are 11 and just begin a growth spurt

Psychology 290 (11 decks)

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