Unit 4

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

Is the sequence of age related changes that occurs as a person progresses from conceptions to death.

Question 2

Prenatal Period

Answer 2

Extends from conception to birth, usually compressing nine months of pregnancy

Question 3

Germinal Stage

Answer 3

Is the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception.

Question 4

Placenta

Answer 4

Is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out of the mother.

Question 5

Placenta

Answer 5

Is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out of the mother.

Question 6

Embryonic Stage

Answer 6

Is the second stage of prenatal development lasting from tow weeks until the end of the second month.

Question 7

Fetal Stage

Answer 7

Is the third of prenatal development lasting from two moths through birth.

Question 8

Age of Viability

Answer 8

The age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Question 9

Teratogens

Answer 9

Any external agents such as drugs or virus’s that can harm an embryo.
Damage depends largely on the type of teratogen and the timing of its introduction.
The central nervous system has the earliest and longest lasting sensitive period. Begins around the 3rd wk of gestation and lasts although the rest of the pregnancy.

Question 10

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 10

Is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use durning pregnancy.

Question 11

Motor Development

Answer 11

Refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.
Basic motor skills: grasping, reaching for objects, manipulating objects, sitting up, crawling, walking and running.

Question 12

Maturation

Answer 12

Is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.

Question 13

Developmental Norms

Answer 13

Indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.
These are useful benchmarks as long as parents don’t expect their children to progress exactly at the pace specified in the norms.

Question 14

Temperament

Answer 14

Refers to characteristic mood, activity level and emotional reactivity.

Question 15

Longitudinal Study Design

Answer 15

Investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time.
Studies conducted on 3 months old
1. Easy: 40% of children
2. Slow to warm up: 15% of children
3. Difficult: 15 %of children
4. Mixed temperaments: 35 % of children
Studies conducted 10 years later
1. Temperament is relatively stable over time.
2. The temperament that is measured at 3 months of age can predict a wide range of a child’s traits by the age of 10.

Question 16

Cross-Sectional Desgin

Answer 16

Investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in frame.

Question 17

Cohort Effects

Answer 17

Occurs when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods.

Question 18

Attachment

Answer 18

Refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.

Question 19

Attachment

Answer 19

Refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.

Question 20

Separation Anxiety

Answer 20

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment.

Question 21

Strange Situation Procedure

Answer 21

In which infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachments.

Question 22

Stage

Answer 22

Is a development period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established.

Question 23

Cognitive Development

Answer 23

Refers to transitions in youngsters pattern of thinking, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving.

Question 24

Assimilation

Answer 24

Involves interpreting new experiences in terms existing mental structures without changing them.

Question 25

Accommodation

Answer 25

Contrast to assimilation. Involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.

Question 26

Object Permanence

Answer 26

Learn this by the end of sensorimotor period of Ericsson’s stages. Develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. First sigh of insight 4-8 months. Mastered by 18 months.

Question 27

Conservation

Answer 27

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

Question 28

Conservation

Answer 28

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

Question 29

Contraction

Answer 29

Is the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

Question 30

Irreversibility

Answer 30

Is the inability to envision reversing an action The inability of a child to undo something.

Question 31

Egocentrism

Answer 31

In thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another persons viewpoints. Notable feature: animism - the belief that all things are living.

Question 32

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 32

Created by Lev Kygotsky Is the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners.

Question 33

Habituation

Answer 33

Is gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly.

Question 34

Dishabituation

Answer 34

Occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.

Question 35

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 35

Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but that are not essential from reproduction.

Question 36

Puberty

Answer 36

The stage which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence.

Question 37

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 37

The structures necessary for reproduction.

Question 38

Menarche

Answer 38

The first occurrence of menstruation.

Question 39

Dementia

Answer 39

Is an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairments.

Question 40

Sex

Answer 40

Usually refers to the biologically based categories of female and male.

Question 41

Gender

Answer 41

Usually refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity.

Question 42

Gender Differences

Answer 42

Are actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability.

Question 43

Socialization

Answer 43

Is the acquisition of the norms and behaviour expected of people in a particular society.

Question 44

Gender Roles

Answer 44

Are expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex.

Question 45

Zygote

Answer 45

Created through fertilization. Within 36 hours, rapid cell division begins and the zygote becomes a mass of multiplying cells.

Question 46

Prenatal Period

Answer 46

Is divided into 3 phases: 1. Germinal stage-first 2 weeks 2. Embryonic stage-2 weeks to 2 months 3. Fetal Stage- 2 months to birth

Question 47

Stage Theory

Answer 47

Assume that: 1. Individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage 2. Progress through these stages is strongly related to age 3. Developments is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior.

Question 48

Crystallized Intelligence

Question 49

Fluid Intelligence

Question 50

Family Life Cycle

Question 51

Gender Sterotypes

Question 52

Pubescence

Question 54

Longitudinal vs Cross Sectional Research

Answer 54

Longitudinal study of development between ages 6 and 10. They are observed at 6, again at 8 then one last time at 10. Cross Sectional study of the same age span, a group of 6, 8 and 10 years old would be compared simultaneously. Data collection could be completed immediately in the cross sectional study, whereas the longitudinal study would require 4 years to complete.

Question 55

Critical Period in Development

Answer 55

A limited time span in the development of an organism responsive to certain experience.

Question 56

Down’s Syndrome

Answer 56

Genetic abnormalities that affects both physical and cognitive development. Causes: an extra 21st chromosome

Question 57

Milestones (Developmental Norms)

Answer 57

Developmental norms describes the general age when various moto milestones are met. They are guidelines for progression of children. The timing of these norms depends heavily on the type of environment the child expereinces. The normal range at which an ability appears can vary widely from milestone to milestone.

Question 58

Abstract Thinking

Answer 58

The ability to understand and reason about concepts, ideas and principles that are not tied to concrete, physical objects or experiences, allowing for higher order reasoning and problem solving. Developed in final stage of Ericsson’s theory: formal operations period (Ie) John hits a glass with a hammer.what do you think happed? The subject responds, the hammer must have broken.

Question 59

Neural Development with Adolscene

Answer 59

Marked by 2 primary signs of maturation: 1. Substantial increase in white matter and neurons become more myelinated 2. Unused connections are pruned. Synapses that are active will be strengthened and those that are really used will die. This process enables the formation of neural networks

Question 60

Functions Controlled by the Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 60

Involved with emotional regulation and high level cognitive processing. (Ie) Motor coordination Recognizing faces Organizing information

Question 61

Cephalocaudal Manner

Answer 61

Control of upper limbs develop before lower limbs. First voluntary control: control of neck muscles This control works its way from tip to bottom.

Question 62

Proximodistal Manner

Answer 62

Control of central body structures such as neck, torso, back before growing control over their extremities. (Ie) they lurch with their entire body as opposed to simple moving their arms. As infants grow, increased control over arms, legs and their finger and toes.

Question 63

Animism

Answer 63

The belief that all things are living Piaget’s term (Ie) You wonder why the oven never stops to rest.

Question 64

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Answer 64

Phase of rapid growth in height and weight. Brought on by normal changes. Start 9-10 years of age for girls (about 2 years earlier then girls), 10-12 for boys.

Question 65

Plasticity

Answer 65

Refers to the brains ability to change and adapt its structure and function in response to experiences and learning. (Ie) you think your fathers personality has changed a lot since you where young. Your father is a better listener and considers many options before acting whereas he seemed to get frustrated quickly when you were younger.

Question 66

Autonomy

Answer 66

Capacity for self governance and the feeling of being in control of ones own actions and decisions rather then being coerced or feeling pressured by external forces. (Ie) do you want to go outside and play wearing your blue overalls or do you want to go outside wearing your red shorts?