Unit 5 Personality Traits & Unit 6 Social Behavior Study Questions Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
The theories developed by Freud and Jung were often met with criticism. What was the beginning of this criticism?
A
Jung mentioned in a letter to Freud that people, especially his colleague were being going to call him names. This name calling was the beginning of the intense criticism that followed.
2
Q
What was the corner stone of both Freud and Jungs Careers?
A
Dream analyses. Both Freud and June used this method in their clinical practice.
3
Q
The concept of personality is used to explain?
A
- The stability in a person behavior over time and across situations.
- The behavior differences amount people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)
4
Q
What is a core concept to personality that allows researchers to analyse the unchanging behaviors of people across situations and over time?
A
Consistency
5
Q
Observing fluctuations and balance in an individuals personality allows researches to identify what?
A
Personal traits
This is a general description that refers to how a person usually acts.
6
Q
The 5 Factor Model proses that all personality traits can be condensed into 5 clusters. What are they?
A
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Openness to Expereince
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
7
Q
Type the name of the personality structure that is close associated with Freuds Personality Theory: Go get a drink. A homeless person has never done anything for you.
A
Id
8
Q
Type the name of the personality structure that is close associated with Freuds Personality Theory: Volunteer at the homeless shelter for an hour, and then call your friends to meet for a drink.
A
Ego
9
Q
Type the name of the personality structure that is close associated with Freuds Personality Theory: Volunteer at the homeless shelter and give something back to your community.
A
Super ego
10
Q
Freud’s structure of personally involves 3 comments. What are they?
A
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
11
Q
What component of Freud is the moral component of personality ?
A
The superego.
Judges right and wrong.
12
Q
What component of Feuds is the primitive, instinctive component of personality ?
A
The Id.
Operates according to the pleasure principle.
13
Q
What component of Freud Personality theory is referred to as the reservoir of psychic energy that house biological urges that energize human behavior?
A
The Id.
14
Q
What is the component of Freuds that is the decision making component of personality ?
A
The ego.
Operates according to the reality principle. Considers social realities in deciding how to behave.
15
Q
What are Freuds 3 levels of Awareness?
A
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
16
Q
What does Freud uses when describing his theory of the levels of consciousness (awareness) ?
A
Freud used an iceberg analogy. An iceberg sits mostly underneath the waters surface. Only a small area is exposed about the water.
The part that is above the water (tip) is the conscious level. Both the ego and super ego at this level.
The preconscious level is underneath the surface and consists of items that lie just outside the awareness that can be brought into the consciousness.
The unconscious level that is deep to the waters surface consists of items of which a person is generally unaware.
Both ego and super ego operate at all three levels.
17
Q
What did Freud believe about the unconscious level?
A
Freud believed that the unconscious level is much bigger than the conscious and the preconscious level.
18
Q
What level does Freud Id personality component operate at?
A
Id is entirely unconscious. Expressing its urges at a conscious level.
19
Q
What level does Freud ego and superego personality component operate at?
A
They operate at all 3 levels.
20
Q
You tell your friend that you dont like his new girlfriend, even though you feel attracted to her. What kind of defense mechanism is this portraying?
A
Reaction Formation
21
Q
Your friend lost her car keys on her desk and is whining as she looks for them. What kind of defense mechanism is she portraying ?
A
Regression
22
Q
A traumatized solider has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death. What kind of defense mechanism is she portraying ?
A
Repression
23
Q
After a parental schooling, a young girl takes her anger out on her younger brother. What kind of defense mechanism is she portraying ?
A
Displacement
24
Q
A student watches tv instead of studying saying “additional studying wouldn’t do any good anyway” What kind of defense mechanism is she portraying ?
A
Rationalization
25
A insure young man joins a fraternity to boost his elf esteem. What kind of defense mechanism is he portraying ?
Identification
26
A young man longing for intimacy is channeled into his created work. What kind of defense mechanism is he portraying ?
Sublimation
27
What is an advantage of using defense mechanism ?
They protect you for being overwhelmed.
Preserving your self imagine, the way you see yourself.
28
What did Adler believed that caused inferiority complex?
Either parental pampering or parental neglect could cause inferiorly complex.
29
What are Neo-Freudians ?
Theorist who agree with some component of Freuds psychoanalytic theory and disagree with others.
30
B.F Skinner proposed that reinforcement increases the strength of a response tendency. What theory is this based on?
Principles of operant conditions.
31
Who stated, Humans are nether h masters of their own destiny, nor hapless victims buffeted about by the Enviroment?
Alberta Bandura
32
What 3 factors define Reciprocal Determination ?
1. Enviroment
2. Behavior
3. Cognition
All these factors are not mutually exclusive of one another. It stresses the importance that more than one factor is involved when identify personality.
33
What is said about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Individual progress upward in the pyramid when lower needs are satisfied. Indivudal regression back to lower levels if basic needs are no one satisfied.
34
Which level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need are the most basic?
Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, etc.
35
During what psychlosexual stage did Freud think the Oedipal Complex occurred?
Phallic
36
What is the highest level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Need for self actualization: retaliation of potential
37
How did Hans Eysenck View Personality Structure?
As a hierarchy of traits.
38
Hans Eysenck believed that higher ordered traits are determined by ?
A persons genes.
39
Evolutionary theories t believe ________________ has favored certain traits through human history ?
Natural selection
40
What term is defined as a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations?
Personality Trait
41
You are slow and methodical and take the time to consider all a viable options before you make a decision. What quality of personality defines this tendency to act in a similar manner across situations ?
Consistency
42
In the Five-Factor Model of personality, what are the 5 dimensions of personality?
Agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness.
43
According to the five factor model of personality, how would people whoa re superiors, antagonist, and aggressive be described?
Low in agreeableness
44
Three areas of Personality associated with Skinner’s VIews
1. Response tendencies
2. Determinism
3. Reinforcement
45
According to Freuds theory, in what level of awareness are repressed sexual desires most likely found?
Unconscious
46
What is associated with Freuds stages of development ?
Focus on sexual urges
47
Who believed that all humans share a collective unconscious that contains ancestral memories ?
Carl Jung
48
What has been the main focus of research in the behavioral tradition?
Learning
49
In the past, Denise was able to get her own way if she acted aggressively. Consequently, she has learned to be more rude and assertive. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, what accounts for her assertive personality?
Reinforcement
50
What are the principles of Operant Conditioning regarding peoples pattern of responding?
1. Reinforment
2. Punishment
3. Extinction
51
What principle of Operant Conditioning regarding peoples pattern weaken their responses?
1. Punishment
Due to responses leading to negative consequences.
Personality is continuous.
52
To explain why Bailey is aggressive and hostile, what would a psychologist focused on the observation learning perspective examine?
1. Baileys past and present role models.
Occurs when someone responding is included by the observation of others called models.
53
What is Associated with High Self- Efficacy?
1. Greater success with jobs
2. Being able to stop drugs and using cigarettes
3. Maintaining regular exercise
54
Which learning theorist proposed the most mechanical view of human personality and paid little attention to internal, unobservable processes?
B.F. Skinner
55
According to Albert Banadura’s theory of behavior, what produces characteristic pattern of behavior?
1. Imitation
Learning through observational learning. Obersvation of others who are called models.
56
What term applies to the belief that one has the ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes?
Self_Efficacy
57
How would a psycholist interested in operant conditioning perspective explain a persons outgoing personality?
In terms of their history of reinforcement and punishment.
58
According to Bandura, what does interaction between one’s beliefs, behaviors and one’s enviroment illustrate?
Reciprocal Determinism
59
According to Carl ROgers, what term applies to the collection of beliefs about ones own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior?
Self Concept
60
According to Carl Roger’s, what kind of self-concept occurs in people who are plagued by recurrent anxiety?
Highly incongruent self concept
61
What did Abraham Maslow Call the need to fulfill ones potential ?
Need for self actualization
62
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what are considered first priority needs?
Physiological needs
63
What term is used to refer an appreciation of an individuals unique qualities, including their freedom and potential for personally growth?
Humanism
64
What single construct is at the center of Carl Roger’s view of Personality structure?
Self Concept
65
According to Carl Roger’s, when does incongruence develop?
When parents make their love conditional; on the child meeting their expectations.
66
According to Carl Roger’s, when does congruence develop?
When parents make their love unconditional on the child whether they meet their expectations or not. Children are worthy of affection.
67
What human need was Abraham Maslow referring to when he said, “what a man can be, he must be”?
Need for self actualization
68
Awed by the grandeur of nature, the hiker experiences a profound emotional high. What did Maslow call such experiences?
Peak or Mystical Experiences
69
70
According to Hans Eysenck, which of the following are consider the 3 higher order traits? (Hierachary of traits)
1. Extra version
2. Neuroticism
3. Psychoticism
71
According to Eysenck view on personality, what is the characteristics tendency of someone who scores high in neuroticism?
Being anxious, tense, moody, low in self esteem.
72
73
According to Eysenck view on personality, what is the characteristics tendency of someone who scores high in Extraversion?
Being sociable, assertive, active, lively.
74
According to Eysenck view on personality, what is the characteristics tendency of someone who scores high in psychoticism?
Being egocentric, impulsive, cold and anti social
75
What technique is most often used too identify links between genetic heritage and personalities traits
Twins
76
What technique is used to permit investigators to look for associations between specific gens and aspects of behavior?
Genetic mapping
77
What has research shown about the heritability of personality?
Shared family enviroment appears to have little impact on personality
78
According to the twin studies, how are personality traits determined?
By both the enviroment and genetics, with genetics playing a greater role.
79
Who is most clearly associated with the evolutionary approach to personality ?
David Buss
80
Acccoring to Eysenck, what personality traits is associated with high arousability?
Introversion
81
What is a statement that is problematic for theorists who support the evolutionary approach to personality?
There are a variety of factors that influence personality.
82
According to the Evolutionary Approach what are the Big Five Personality Traits?
1. Extravasion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4.Openness
5. Neuroticism
83
What do Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama argue about American culture?
It fosters an independent view of the self
84
According to Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama how are children from Asian cultures mostly likely to define themselves ?
In terms of the group they belong to.
85
According to Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama what are parents in Asian cultures mostly likely likely to teach their children ?
1. To rely on family and friends
2. To be modest about their personal accomplishments
3. To fit in with others
86
Cross-Cultural research suggests there are cultural differences in self enchantment. What norm iOS most consist with western cultures?
Seeing oneself self as above average
87
What can be concluded about cross cultural differences in the perception of personal characteristics?
People from individualistic cultures have more positive self perceptions.
88
What are the 3 straggles that can reduce cognitive dissonance and allow a person to return to a state of consonance?
1. Changing the inconsistent behavior
2. Changing the inconsistent attitude
3. Bringing a new perspective to the situation
89
What do people usually assume when they first meet individuals who are attractive?
The attractive person is warm, well adjusted and friendly.
90
What term is defined by beliefs about the personal traits and behaviors of indivudal who belong to specific groups?
Stereotypes
91
What are 3 components of gender stereotypes of women?
1. Submissive
2. Illogical
3. Emotional
92
What are social schemas?
Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events or people
93
What will mostly strongly influence your first impression of a person personality?
Their physical appearance
94
What do evolutionary psychologist arise about the basis observed in social perception?
That many were adaptive in humans ancestral environment.
95
What was Leon Frestinger responsible for in the world of psychology?
Create and the cognitive dissonance theory
96
Who was the first to describe how people make attractions?
Fritz Heider
97
You are recently fired from your job. Your sister concluded that you lost your job due to the economy taking a significant downturn. What kind of attribution did the sister make?
External Attribution
98
You attributed your success in chemistry to your intelligence, but you failed physics. You felt it was because the teacher was impossible to understand. What behavior best demonstrates this belief?
Self serving bias
99
How would a person with an avoidant adult attachment style describe how they feel when they are in a romantic relationship?
I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others.
100
How would a person with an secure adult attachment style describe how they feel when they are in a romantic relationship?
I am comfortable depending on my partner and having them depend on me.
101
How would a person with an Anxious-ambivalent adult attachment style describe how they feel when they are in a romantic relationship?
I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or wont want to stay with me.
102
When does an external attribution occur?
When the cause of a persons behavior is attributed to a situation in the environment.
103
When the surgeons patients dies, the intern decides the surgeon was incompetent. What form the basis of the interns decision?
Internal attribution
104
A baseball player is playing with an injury and dropped the ball on a play. The couch told the player he dropped the ball because he didn’t have the heart of a winner. What does the coach’s behavior illustrate?
Fundamental attribution error
105
Your friend tends to stretch the truth. Therefor when he tried to convince you to adopt a particular attitude, you are somewhat resistant. In terms of his ability to persuade you, what characteristic has he lost?
Trustworthiness
106
What is associated with someone being resistant to a persuasive attempt?
Forewarning
107
You have a negative attitude towards most layers being as you often heard your parents speak poorly of layers in general. Through what process did this attitude likely develop?
Observation learning
108
Who is recognized for developing self perception theory ?
Daryl Bem
109
What does the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change suggest?
The central route gives more enduring attitude change
110
What characteristic of an attitude relates to how often one thinks about an attitude and how quickly does it come to mind?
Accessibility attitudes
111
What characteristic of an attitude relates to one that is firmly held and are durable overtime and have powerful impact on behavior?
Strength attitudes
112
What characteristic of an attitude relates to conflicted emulations that include both positive and negative feelings about an object of thought?
Ambivalent attitudes
113
Classical conditioning could account for the formation of which component of an attitude?
Affective component
114
What characteristic do people display when they yield to real or imagined social pressures?
Conformity
115
When does obedience occur?
When people respond to the order of an authority figure
116
Accorindg to researchers who have investigated cultural variations in conformity and obedience, who do collectivistic cultures tend to show as compared to individualistic cultures?
Higher levels of conformity
117
Although you knew it was wrong and against the law, you shred documents regarding a client because your boss told you too. What best explains your behavior?
Obedience
118
You are with a group of your friends. You all saw an elderly lady struggling with packages in a browsed showing area Burt you didn’t offer any help. In this case what explains this action?
The bystander effect
119
What term applies to the reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups ?
Social loafing
120
How do social psychologist explain both the bystander effect and social loafing?
Both occur because of the feeling that responsibility for the task is shared by other people present
121
You are in a group and the president want to increase fees. The other members the the group believe that it might cause fewer people to join the group. These members choose to ignore this problem and instead concentrated on reaching a consensus on how much the fee should be increased. What does this behavior illustrate?
Group think
122
After 9/11 the HSA reached a consumes that changes need to be made to immigration laws. After a length and well balanced discussion, they produced a radial bill that would almost stop immigration completely. What does their decision reflect?
Group polarization
123
What are 3 areas studied by social neuroscientist?
1. Understanding and control oneself
2. Understanding others
3. Aggression
124
What is one of the most researched topics in social neuroscience?
Ethnic relations
125
Which judgement involved conscious and controlled thought ?
Explicit judgements
126
What approach integrates the models of neuroscience and social psychology with the study of mechanisms of social behavior?
Social neuroscience
127
What characterizes implicit judgements ?
They occur automatically, usually without attention and awareness
128
Accoring to Fred’s view on Personality what personality is dominated by someone who puts when they cannot have their own way, behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if they can’t have things immediately?
The ID.
129
The impending possibility of a forbidden impulse getting out of control and being expressed in behavior would most likely to produce __________ in a person?
Anxiety
130
If you are normally shy and unwilling to speak in class. You started working within a group for class and found that your classemates are willing to listen to your ideas and you are often asked for input when a discussion is bogged down. Due to this your are often outspoken and confident in class. Based on principles of operant conditioning what is your new outspoken manner is most likely a result of?
Positive reinforcement
131
What is the difference between fetal twins and identical twins when it comes to traits?
Fetal twins reared together are more similar in traits due to the enviroment in which they live in.
Identical twins reared apart are more similar in traits due to genetics.
132
What effect is the hindsight bites also known as?
I knew it all along
133
Joel is considered extremely handsome and Kirk is considered average. Based on research that has investigated the effects of physical appearance in person perception, if Joel and Kirk would in the same firm and are evaluated for performance, you should predict ?
Joel will recieve better performance emulation then Kirk for the equivalent work.
134
Jake’s father suggests that Jake’s low grades in school are due to his laziness. What kind of attribution is Jake’s father portraying?
Internal attribution
135
You are playing games with friends. You win won game and attributes it to your quick reaction time. The next game you lose and attributes it to it to the fact that your signaling button stopped working. What attribution for your performance during the games are you portraying?
Self serving bias
136
Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to
Direct commands.
137
You normally prefer to work alone because you feel you can get more work done then working within a group. What process would best explain why you accomplish less when working within a group?
Social loafing
138
You are controlling and too obsessed with cleaning. Accoring to Freud psychosexual development theory what stage are you fixated on?
Anal
139
You are obsessed with eating and are a smoker. According to Freuds psychosexual development theory what stage on you fixated on?
Oral stage
140
You are vain, self obsessed, have social anxiety and envy other people. According to Freuds psychosexual development theory what stage on you fixated on?
Phallic Stage
141
Accoring to Freud, what is likely the explantions to you obsession with cleanliness?
Punitive toilet trading measures.
142
Accoring to Freud psycholseual theory, what is likely the explantions to your obsessive eating and smoking ?
Improper handling of the tractions from breast feeding to bottle
143
Your partner asked you to help to clean the house. You respond by not saying a word. Then you get into a fight with your partner. Your partner yells at you as tells you are acting like a child. You tell your partner that they are too controlling. What defense mechanism are you likely using during the argument?
Regression
144
Your partner asks you to clean the house. You respond by not saying a word. An argument ensures. What personality structure “won” when you chose to refuse to help your partner clean the house?
Id.
145
After a fight with your partner you feel extremely frustrated and angry but outwardly you seem very clam. What defense mechanism are you likely using?
Reaction formation
146
You have always been adventures and are very keen to try new things. At the same time you deal with a lot of insecurities and can be very hostile despite the fact you have a new house and are in a loving relationship. How would you score in a Big 5 personality test?
High in openness and high in neuroticism
147
You see a therapist. Your therapist practices empathic listening and does not judge you for your actions or hostile feeling. What perspective is your therapist most likely following?
Humanistic
148
You have always been adventures and are very keen to try new things. At the same time you deal with a lot of insecurities and can be very hostile despite the fact you have a new house and are in a loving relationship. In order to deal with you insecurities you see a therapist weekly. TO what is your therapist most likely to attribute your anxiety too?
Your incongruence between you real self and your self concept.
149
You have always been adventures and are very keen to try new things. At the same time you deal with a lot of insecurities and can be very hostile despite the fact you have a new house and are in a loving relationship. In order to deal with you insecurities you see a therapist weekly.
Accoring to maslows’ hierarchy of needs, what need has not been satisfied?
Affiliation needs (belongingness and love needs)
150
Your father claimed Mount Everest and your mother was a skydiver. Growing up Vicky tired very hard to impress and get her parents acceptance but you were not good enough to climb mount everst and you were not good enough to be a skydiver diver. This led to the development of a ____________________ self concept because you experienced ____________ affection.
Incongruent; conditional
151
You are15 and are obsessed with violent R rated movies. Lately you start exhibiting violent behavior. Your mother thinks your behavior is a result of what you see in the movies. What does Adam’s mother attribute your behavior too?
Observational learning
152
You are15 and are obsessed with violent R rated movies. Lately you start exhibiting violent behavior. Your mother thinks your behavior is a result of what you see in the movies. Your father thinks that things are not that simple and your violent behavior is not just a product of your enviroment but due to personal evniuroment. Apart from your violent outburst you appear too be bashful and tentative in social settings. What does your father attribute your behavior too?
Reciprocal determinism
153
You are 15 and are obsessed with violent R rated movies. Lately you start exhibiting violent behavior. Your mother thinks your behavior is a result of what you see in the movies. Your father thinks that things are not that simple and your violent behavior is not just a product of your enviroment but due to personal evniuroment. Apart from your violent outburst you appear too be bashful and tentative in social settings. Accorindg to Eysenck’s theory, what personality is correct about you?
You are introverted and experiences high levels of arousability.
154
You are 15 and are obsessed with violent R rated movies. Lately you start exhibiting violent behavior. Your mother thinks your behavior is a result of what you see in the movies. Your father thinks that things are not that simple and your violent behavior is not just a product of your enviroment but due to personal evniuroment. Apart from your violent outburst you appear too be bashful and tentative in social settings. How would you score on the big 5 factor model of personality?
Low on agreeableness and low on extraversion.
155
You meet a new friend who was born and raised in Japan. They also draw anime like you. You exchange opinions on each others work. Your friend is likely to pay attention to what kind of feedback?
Negative feedback
156
Advertisements that include phrases like “limited supply available” or “for a limited time only” are making use of which social influence technique?
Feigned scarcity
157
What persuasion technique is used when you get someone to agree to a tour, in hope of the person agreeing to a larger request after?
Foot in the door technique
158
You are known for your punk music and high energy. Because of the type of music and their high energy off stage, many parents of fan disapprove of this band because they believe they are “ always drunk in public”. This is an example of ?
Illusory correlation
159
You are in a band and you wrote a new album. Once you have the group listen, more changes are made and the sound became even more diffenernt then your original sound. What is this an example of in group setting?
Risky shift
160
You are a fan of a band. You loved their first 3 albums but are not quite sure whether you like the new album. If you go to their latest concert you are more likely to fall in love with their new album. What theory does this statement represent?
Self perception theory
161
Many fans of a band are still in high school. Parents worry kids will be negatively influenced by the band and their pranks performed on their You tube channel. The parents petition to have the channel shut down. If the number of fans who play pranks increased after the petition is lauded, this is a case of what theory?
Self fulfilling prophecy
162
If a band believes it is important to behave and style the Mel’s we’d in a more mature way now that they are making more mature music. To make sure their change in their image is obvious they do what needs to do do regarding their charactertisctcs?
High self monitor
163
Winner take all game 7 between Senators and Penguins. A penguin player violetenly slashed the senators goalie. In relations one of the senators plays skates full speed into the Penguins goalie. After this a fight breaks out between most members of the team. Players who are bot involved in the original act of aggression but end up fighting afterwards are likely fighting because of ?
Expectations.
164
Winner take all game 7 between Senators and Penguins. A penguin player violetenly slashed the senators goalie. In relations one of the senators plays skates full speed into the Penguins goalie. After this a fight breaks out between most members of the team. Eventually only one player from each team are on the ice and not fighting. If they look at each other and decide not to fight, what is the cause of this choice?
Personality
165
Winner take all game 7 between Senators and Penguins. A penguin player violetenly slashed the senators goalie. In relations one of the senators plays skates full speed into the Penguins goalie. After this a fight breaks out between most members of the team. The player whose skates into the goalie believed this behavior is part of his role as the enforcer. This is similar behavior to participate to what early psychology experiment?
Zimbardos stand for county prison experiment
166
Winner take all game 7 between Senators and Penguins. A penguin player violetenly slashed the senators goalie. In relations one of the senators plays skates full speed into the Penguins goalie. After this a fight breaks out between most members of the team. There is a penguins player who is typically a calm person and does not enjoy conformation. If this Oakley’s gets bulllied into a fight, he will likely try to ___________ his cognitive dissonce by telling himself __________________?
A) decrease; this is my job, i have to
B) maintain, “I’m being paid to do this
C) decreased; cmon man? Just do it
D) Increase; if i dont fight, they think I’m weak
A) Decrease; this is my job, i have to.
167
Winner take all game 7 between Senators and Penguins. A penguin player violetenly slashed the senators goalie. In relations one of the senators plays skates full speed into the Penguins goalie. After this a fight breaks out between most members of the team. A penguins player player promised his wife he would not fight. According to Milgram, who is ;least likely to convince him to fight?
A) senators player
B) his coach
C) his coach who is not wearing a suit
D) his captain
A) senators player
168
You are on your way to judge a competition. You hear someone say, all judges are snobs and will give high scores to their favorites, whether or not they mess up. This person statement reflects a _________________ of a judge?
Stereotype
