Unit 3: Chapter 23

Question 1

Protist Characteristics

Answer 1

• Eukaryotic
• Morpholically diverse to adapt to environments
• Typically larger than bacteria and archaea
• Unicellular and multicellular
• Live in freshwater environments
• contribute to nutrient cycling

Question 1

What are 2 groups of protists?

Answer 1

1. Protists which include algae and protozoans
2. Fungi

Question 2

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

Described first protozoan “animalcule” in 1674

Question 3

Protozoa

Answer 3

• animal like protist
• all are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes
• chemoheterotroph
• found in soil and water
• free living organisms
• use cilia and flagella to catch prey

Question 4

Algae

Answer 4

• plant like protist
• unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular
• aquatic environments
• photoautotrophs
• major producers of oxygen and organic materials

Question 5

What makes up 80% of Earth’s photosynthesis?

Answer 5

Phytoplankton (algae)

Question 6

Saprophytes

Answer 6

organisms that secure nutrients from dead organic material by releasing degradative enzymes into the environment
usually grow on decomposing organic matter

Question 7

Osmotrophy

Answer 7

a form of nutrition which absorb soluble products through cytoplasmic membrane

Question 8

Holozoic nutrition

Answer 8

Solid nutrients acquired by phagocytosis and food vacuole formation

Question 9

Mixotrophy

Answer 9

Simutaneously use reduced organic molecules and CO2 as carbon sources (use different types of metabolism)

Question 10

Protist morphology

Answer 10

• plasmalemma (ectoplasm, endoplasm, pellicile)
• Vacuoles (contractile, secretory, phagocytic)
• cilia/ flagella
• mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 11

Plasmalemma

Answer 11

Cell membrane of protists

1. ectoplasm
2. endoplasm
3. pellicle

Question 12

Ectoplasm

Answer 12

impacts rigidity to cell body

Question 13

Pellicle

Answer 13

Consists of the plasmalemma and a relatively rigid layer just
beneath it
Protective and supportive layer or cuticle

Question 14

Energy production by aerboic protists through

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

Energy production by photosynthetic protists through

Answer 15

Chloroplasts

Question 16

Trophozoites

Answer 16

Actively growing and replicating protists

Question 17

Encystement

Answer 17

Formation of dormant cyst

1. protect against environmental changes
2. site for nuclear reoorganization and cell division
3. in parasitic species they are infectious stages between host

Question 18

Excystement

Answer 18

A return to favorable conditions may stimulate a cyst to form
In parasite protists, excystement occurs following ingestion by a host

Question 19

Protist reproduction through

Answer 19

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 20

Asexual reproduction by protists

Answer 20

• binary fission
• multiple fission and budding

Question 21

Sexual reproduction by protists

Answer 21

• includes formation of gametes
• conjugation: form of sexual reproduction by 2 protozoa where two organisms exchange nuclear material

Question 22

Why does classifying protists and eukaryotes present challenges?

Answer 22

1. size and complexity of genes with large genome with noncoding sequences
2. lose structures through evolution
3. name and groupings are changed as new evidence emerges

Question 23

Dinoflagellates

Answer 23

• Algae, plant like protists
• 2 flagella, one flagella wrapped around cell
• cause phosphoresence in ocean
• cause neurotoxins
• bloom of red dinoflagellates cause famous red tide

Question 24

Diatoms

Answer 24

- Algae, plant like protists - frustule: 2 piece cell wall of silica - contain chlorophyll and pigments - important in global carbon cycling (AKA ocean forest) - produce oil drops that are stored - interested in using diatoms for biodiesel

Question 25

What produces about 50% of organic ocean carbon?

Answer 25

marine planktonic diatoms

Question 26

Chloroplastida

Answer 26

- Algae, plant like protists - photoautotroph - cellulose cell walls

Question 27

Red Algae

Answer 27

- Algae, plant like protists - grow deeper in ocean than other algae - source of agar and largest group of seaweeds

Question 28

Euglenozoa

Answer 28

Primitive eukaryotes Have features of both algae and protists debatable on if algae or protists

Question 29

Trypanosomes

Answer 29

- protozoa, animal like protists - pathogenic euglenozoa - parasitic infection via vector - parasites of animals and plants - cause chagas disease and african sleeping sickness

Question 30

Giardia intestinalis

Answer 30

-animal like protist, protozoa - public health concern with diarrhea from contaminated water - flagellated and lack mitochondria - have mitosomes: mitchondria like - obtain energy without mitochondria through fermentation

Question 31

Super group amoebozoa

Answer 31

- protozoa, animal like protists - include pseudopodia which is used for locomotion and feeding

Question 32

Lobopodia

Answer 32

form of pseudopodia in super group amoebozoa rounded

Question 33

Filopodia

Answer 33

form of pseudopodia in super group amoebozoa long and narrow

Question 34

Reticulopodia

Answer 34

form of pseudopodia found in super group amoebozoa netlike mesh

Question 35

Entamoebida

Answer 35

Under super group amoebozoa, animal like protist protozoa lack mitochondria and contain mitosomes cause amoebic dysentery 3rd leading cause of parasitic death worldwide

Question 36

Naegleria fowleri

Answer 36

Brain eating amoeba

Question 37

Eumycetozoa

Answer 37

-Under super group: amoebozoa - Fungi like - Forms spores - have acellular and cellular slime molds

Question 38

Cellular slime molds

Answer 38

Resemble amoeba and ingest phagocytosis Cells agregate to form stalks and differentiate into spores

Question 39

Acellular (plasmodial) slime molds

Answer 39

consist of multinucleated mass of protoplasm that engulfs organic debris and bacteria as it moves; move as gigantic amoeba

Question 40

Phycology

Answer 40

study of algae

Question 41

Protistology

Answer 41

study of all protists