Unit 4: Chapter 33 Flashcards
1
Q
Microbiome
A
all gene’s found in one’s microbiota
2
Q
Microbiota
A
all the microorganisms that live in and on an organism
3
Q
The number of genes present in the microbiome is over
A
1 million
4
Q
Holobionts
A
hosts and microbes live together and evolve together
5
Q
Example of holobionts
A
humans
6
Q
Humans cannot live a ____ _____ without their microbial partners
A
normal life
7
Q
Goal of first phase of human microbiome project (HMP)
A
Characterize the human microbiome
8
Q
____ reveal these microorgnaisms of holobionts
A
16S ribosomal RNA sequencing
9
Q
Work of Human microbiome project showed each person
A
harbors a unique collection of microorganisms
10
Q
Each microbial niche is related to variety of factors including:
A
body location, age, sex, diet, and environment
11
Q
More than half your body is not _____
A
Human
12
Q
Microbiota community is not ____
A
static (unchanged)
13
Q
Microbe develops from birth to adulthood into ______
A
stable microbiome
14
Q
Goal of second phase of human microbiome project (HMP)
A
Seeking to explore thre microbiome related conditions
1. pregnancy and preterm birth
2. irritable bowel syndrome
3. type 2 diabetes
15
Q
Microbiota begins developing at ____ and changes as we ___
A
birth, age
16
Q
Stable community of microbes adopted by age
A
3
17
Q
Important to develop a ___ microbiome
A
diverse
More diverse microbiome linked to better health
18
Q
Vaginal birth provides exposure to microbes from _____
A
mother’s birth canal
19
Q
Cesarean delivery (C section) provides exposure from
A
initial caretakers
20
Q
______ provides bifidiobacteria
A
Breastfeeding
21
Q
Bifidiobacteria
A
transport polymeric sugars which are foudn in breast milk directly across plasma membrane
22
Q
Bifidiobacteria fermentation of sugars
A
Provide acetate and lactate which provides infant with calories and lowers pH which limit growth of pathogens
23
Q
Why is low pH good for infants?
A
Fermentation products of acids lower pH and limit growth of pathogens
24
Q
Bifidiobacteria are required for normal development of _____________
A
gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
25
Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
essential componet of host defense against pathogens
26
Since Bifidio is needed for GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) it is asspcoated with
limiting or preventing fodborne disease
27
Why do babies benefit from breast feeding milk compared to cow milk?
Cow milk does not support immunity
28
______ impact microbial diversity
Environmental factors
(travel, job changes, diet change, foods)
29
Even though stable microbiota since 3, can change due to
physical or life style changes
30
If you work in hospital, have lots of _____ microbiota
Transient
31
Stable microbota:
resident and established
32
How is human microbiota variable
From person to person and at different sites within a person
33
transinent microbiota
nonresident and no stable relationship
34
Bacteria common to human skin, intestinall tract, and other mucosal surfaces include 6 major phyla:
1. Actinobacteriota
2. Bacteriodota
3. Firmicutes
4. Fusobacteriota
5. Proteobacteria
6. Verucomicrobiota
35
Verucomicrobiota
Gram negative
36
Bacteria common to human skin, intestinall tract, and other mucosal surfaces are mostly gram
gram negative
37
True or False: Archaea, fungi, viruses can be in your microbiota
True
38
What is #1 common organism?
Staphylococcus epidermis
39
What is skin bacteria?
Staphylococcus epidermis
40
Function of staphylococcus epidermis
Colonize skin, generally nonpathogenic, and key componet of healthy skin
41
Staphylococcus epidermis modulate keratinocyte gene expression stimulating _________ which kills transient microbiota
Antimicrobial peptide release
42
Staphylococcus epidermis secreting products of _______ called ______
fermentation, short chain fatty acids
43
Skin environment characteristics:
1. Acidic/ low pH
2. Highly concentration of NaCl (salty)
3. Some areas lack moisture and is dry
4. Some bathed in oily lubricant sebum and antimicrobial
5. Skin cills regenerate
44
Is skin a friendly environment for microorgansisms?
Not friendly
45
bacterial ____ inhibits growth of pathogens
interference
46
Microbiota vary by ____ ____
body site
47
What are normally free of microorganisms?
Internal organs and tissues (Brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, muscles)
48
What are constantly in contact with environment and are colonized by various microbes?
Surface tissues (skin and mucous membranes)
49
Some microbes are temporarily present on the skin and are typicall unable to
multiply on skin
50
3 environmental niches of Staphylococcus epidermis
1. Dry (forearms, buttocks, hands): less organisms and greater diversity
2. Moist (under armpit): more organisms, less diversity
3. Sebacceous (forehead, behind ear, back): most organisms,. lowest bacterial diversity
51
S. Aureus
pathogenic
52
Staphylococcus epidermis blocks S. Aureus by
1. secreting products of fermentation called short chain fatty acids
2. binding to pattern recgonition receptor TLR- 2
53
What is produced by Staphylococcus epidermis to interfere with growth of other bacteria on the skin?
Bacteriocins, Molecules that interfere with quorumn sensing, proteases that degrade adhesions
54
Fermentation by short fatty acid chains and binding to TLR-2 causes
AMP release which helps with limit inflamation, prevent infection, and promote wound healing
55
Upper respiratory tract includes:
Nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and orpharynx
56
What is most common infection?
Respiratory Tract as it provides entry of a lot of pathogenic microbes
57
Upper respiratory tract is colonized by
diverse group of bacteria
58
Lower respiratory tract includes:
larynx below vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
59
True or False: Lung is free of microorganism and sterile
False
60
Haemophillus spp
Upper respiratory tract
Gram negative rod
Can cause ear infection, pneumonia, meninigitis
61
Oraphrarynx is most and includes bacteria
diverse
neisseria: gram negative cocci
62
5 roles of normal flora
1. microbial antagonism
2. stimulate our immune system
3. provide vitamin B12 and K
4. Can be common source of infection from opportunistic pathogen
5. Help digestion
63
What is most significant role of normal flora?
Microbial antagonism: normal flora protect host against colonization by pathogen
64
What is the most stable symbiotic relationship?
Commensalism (host no effect, microorganism benefits)
65
Commensalism is relationship that exists between __ and ____
human; members of their normal microbiota
66
Eye bacteria has __ number of bacteria
Small
67
Predominant bacterium in eye and external ear is
staphylococcus epidermis
68
External ear is similiar to ___ flora
skin
69
What bacteria is found in anoxic nature of space between teeth and gums?
Fusobacterium since strict anaerobe and gram negative
70
Due to anoxic nature of space between teeth and gums, ___ become dominant
Anaerbobes
71
Why is the mouth great environment for bacteria since....
Moist and provide nutrients
72
As teeth grow ____ and ___ attach to enamel surfaces
streptococcus parasanguinis and streptococcus mutans
73
What is the causative agent for dental carriers?
streptococcus mutans
74
In stomach, most microbes are killed by
acidic contitions (low pH)
75
Large intestine (colon) microbes
Gut bacteria
Metabolic, immunological and endocrine roles
76
What site microbe is most densely packed microbial ecosystems on Earth?
Large Intestine (colon)
77
Ratio of strict anaerboe to faculative anaerobe in large intestine microbes
10 (strict anaerobe) : 1 (faculative anaerobe)
78
True or False: E coli is not most common bacteria found in large intestine
True since it is faculative anaerobe
79
Functions of Gut microbiome
1. Ferment foods that we cannot digest
2. synthesize micronutrients including viatimins
3. metabolize dietary toxins and carinogens
4. ensure immune system maturation
5. protect against enteric pathogens
6. converts steroids such as cholesterol and bile acids to other compounds
80
Primary bile acids are chemically modified by ___ to _____
gut microbes; secondary bile acids
impacts growth of other microbes in the gut
81
Genitouring Tract includes
kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder
82
Genitouring Tract are normally free of
microbes
83
Female gential tract is _____ microbiota that changes due to _____
complex, menstrual cycle
84
what bacteria predominate in vagina and cervix
acid tolerant lactobacilli
85
Lactobacilli are important for
protection of female from infection of vagina and cervix but can be killed by antibiotics
86
____ converts food into calories that we can use which affects our _____
gut microbiota, weight
87
Functional core microbiome
a group of microbes that provides activities and metabolites required for health and homeostasis of the host
88
Overweight people have higher concentration of gut bacteria belonging to phylum ____ compared to bacteria belonging to phylum _____
firmicutes (gram +); bacteriodota (strict anaerobe gram -)
89
Do overweight people have more gram + or gram - bacteria?
Gram +
90
Metabolome
products these microorganisms secrete
(indiivdual species in gut microbiome to metabolome for overweight people)
91
Overweight people gut microbiota population ____
changes
92
Impact of ______ on host metabolism
fermentation end products
93
Bacteria ferment monomers into ____ which can promote ______
short chain fatty acids, weight gain
94
Propionte and butgrate prevent
overweight
95
Fermentation product of acetate cause
overweight
96
Germ Free (GF) Mice
how we research to study affects of microbes on animal health
don't have good normal flora
rasied in sterile environment
partipate in fecal microbiome transplant
97
GF mice can eat more but gain less weight than
beconventional mice
98
Fecal microbiome transplant
procedure to get rid of clostridium where take feces from healthy donor for normal flora and transfer to patient's gut
99
What disrupts the gut microbial community?
Antibiotics
100
Colonization resistant
aka antagonism
Immunity provided by gut bacteria and is based on competitive exclusion between normal flora and pathogenic
101
Following antibiotic treatment, people are at a higher risk of
GI tract infections
Ex. C. difficile
102
Microbiome signals influence _____ at sites _____
immune cell function; distance from the gut
103
True or false: Gut microbiota affects central nervous system
True
104
The diet consumed by a person with cardiovascular disease is
red meat and high fat foods
105
Why is the diet cause cardiovascular disease?
little fiber for gut microbes to produce antiflamatory short chain fatty acids
106
Cardiovascular disease promots growth of a "meat" eating microbial population that metabolizes ___ and _____ resulting production of _____
L-carnitine, phosphatidylchloline, thimethylamine (TMA)
107
Microbes are involved in 20% of ____
malignacies (cancer)
108
Thimethylamine (TMA)
absorbs into blooodstream and travels to liver causing cardiovasciular disease (astherosclerosis)
109
Helicobacter
stomach cancer and disregulate host cell cycling and carcinogen
110
Bacteria involved in metastasis of tumors to
distant sites
111
Lactobacillus acidophilus
fed to cattle to carry less E. Coli
Helps make beef meet quality standards
112
Probiotics
Live microorggnaisms when admistered in adequate amounts which help with health benefit to host
113
Loss of microbiome diversty leads to
dysbiosis and variety of diseases that involve inflamation
114
Many cancers linked to microorganisms are driven by
inflamatory state associated with dysbiosis/ imbalance
115
E. Coli: 0157: H7 is
pathogenic!
116
Bacteriocins
toxic peptides preoduced by gram positive bacteria that target closely related species
