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Microbio > Unit 4: Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 33 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiome

A

all gene’s found in one’s microbiota

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2
Q

Microbiota

A

all the microorganisms that live in and on an organism

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3
Q

The number of genes present in the microbiome is over

A

1 million

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4
Q

Holobionts

A

hosts and microbes live together and evolve together

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5
Q

Example of holobionts

A

humans

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6
Q

Humans cannot live a ____ _____ without their microbial partners

A

normal life

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7
Q

Goal of first phase of human microbiome project (HMP)

A

Characterize the human microbiome

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8
Q

____ reveal these microorgnaisms of holobionts

A

16S ribosomal RNA sequencing

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9
Q

Work of Human microbiome project showed each person

A

harbors a unique collection of microorganisms

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10
Q

Each microbial niche is related to variety of factors including:

A

body location, age, sex, diet, and environment

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11
Q

More than half your body is not _____

A

Human

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12
Q

Microbiota community is not ____

A

static (unchanged)

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13
Q

Microbe develops from birth to adulthood into ______

A

stable microbiome

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14
Q

Goal of second phase of human microbiome project (HMP)

A

Seeking to explore thre microbiome related conditions
1. pregnancy and preterm birth
2. irritable bowel syndrome
3. type 2 diabetes

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15
Q

Microbiota begins developing at ____ and changes as we ___

A

birth, age

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16
Q

Stable community of microbes adopted by age

A

3

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17
Q

Important to develop a ___ microbiome

A

diverse
More diverse microbiome linked to better health

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18
Q

Vaginal birth provides exposure to microbes from _____

A

mother’s birth canal

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19
Q

Cesarean delivery (C section) provides exposure from

A

initial caretakers

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20
Q

______ provides bifidiobacteria

A

Breastfeeding

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21
Q

Bifidiobacteria

A

transport polymeric sugars which are foudn in breast milk directly across plasma membrane

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22
Q

Bifidiobacteria fermentation of sugars

A

Provide acetate and lactate which provides infant with calories and lowers pH which limit growth of pathogens

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23
Q

Why is low pH good for infants?

A

Fermentation products of acids lower pH and limit growth of pathogens

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24
Q

Bifidiobacteria are required for normal development of _____________

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

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25
Q

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

essential componet of host defense against pathogens

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26
Q

Since Bifidio is needed for GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) it is asspcoated with

A

limiting or preventing fodborne disease

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27
Q

Why do babies benefit from breast feeding milk compared to cow milk?

A

Cow milk does not support immunity

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28
Q

______ impact microbial diversity

A

Environmental factors
(travel, job changes, diet change, foods)

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29
Q

Even though stable microbiota since 3, can change due to

A

physical or life style changes

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30
Q

If you work in hospital, have lots of _____ microbiota

A

Transient

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31
Q

Stable microbota:

A

resident and established

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32
Q

How is human microbiota variable

A

From person to person and at different sites within a person

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33
Q

transinent microbiota

A

nonresident and no stable relationship

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34
Q

Bacteria common to human skin, intestinall tract, and other mucosal surfaces include 6 major phyla:

A
  1. Actinobacteriota
  2. Bacteriodota
  3. Firmicutes
  4. Fusobacteriota
  5. Proteobacteria
  6. Verucomicrobiota
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35
Q

Verucomicrobiota

A

Gram negative

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36
Q

Bacteria common to human skin, intestinall tract, and other mucosal surfaces are mostly gram

A

gram negative

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37
Q

True or False: Archaea, fungi, viruses can be in your microbiota

A

True

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38
Q

What is #1 common organism?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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39
Q

What is skin bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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40
Q

Function of staphylococcus epidermis

A

Colonize skin, generally nonpathogenic, and key componet of healthy skin

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41
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis modulate keratinocyte gene expression stimulating _________ which kills transient microbiota

A

Antimicrobial peptide release

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42
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis secreting products of _______ called ______

A

fermentation, short chain fatty acids

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43
Q

Skin environment characteristics:

A
  1. Acidic/ low pH
  2. Highly concentration of NaCl (salty)
  3. Some areas lack moisture and is dry
  4. Some bathed in oily lubricant sebum and antimicrobial
  5. Skin cills regenerate
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44
Q

Is skin a friendly environment for microorgansisms?

A

Not friendly

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45
Q

bacterial ____ inhibits growth of pathogens

A

interference

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46
Q

Microbiota vary by ____ ____

A

body site

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47
Q

What are normally free of microorganisms?

A

Internal organs and tissues (Brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, muscles)

48
Q

What are constantly in contact with environment and are colonized by various microbes?

A

Surface tissues (skin and mucous membranes)

49
Q

Some microbes are temporarily present on the skin and are typicall unable to

A

multiply on skin

50
Q

3 environmental niches of Staphylococcus epidermis

A
  1. Dry (forearms, buttocks, hands): less organisms and greater diversity
  2. Moist (under armpit): more organisms, less diversity
  3. Sebacceous (forehead, behind ear, back): most organisms,. lowest bacterial diversity
51
Q

S. Aureus

A

pathogenic

52
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis blocks S. Aureus by

A
  1. secreting products of fermentation called short chain fatty acids
  2. binding to pattern recgonition receptor TLR- 2
53
Q

What is produced by Staphylococcus epidermis to interfere with growth of other bacteria on the skin?

A

Bacteriocins, Molecules that interfere with quorumn sensing, proteases that degrade adhesions

54
Q

Fermentation by short fatty acid chains and binding to TLR-2 causes

A

AMP release which helps with limit inflamation, prevent infection, and promote wound healing

55
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes:

A

Nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and orpharynx

56
Q

What is most common infection?

A

Respiratory Tract as it provides entry of a lot of pathogenic microbes

57
Q

Upper respiratory tract is colonized by

A

diverse group of bacteria

58
Q

Lower respiratory tract includes:

A

larynx below vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

59
Q

True or False: Lung is free of microorganism and sterile

A

False

60
Q

Haemophillus spp

A

Upper respiratory tract
Gram negative rod
Can cause ear infection, pneumonia, meninigitis

61
Q

Oraphrarynx is most and includes bacteria

A

diverse
neisseria: gram negative cocci

62
Q

5 roles of normal flora

A
  1. microbial antagonism
  2. stimulate our immune system
  3. provide vitamin B12 and K
  4. Can be common source of infection from opportunistic pathogen
  5. Help digestion
63
Q

What is most significant role of normal flora?

A

Microbial antagonism: normal flora protect host against colonization by pathogen

64
Q

What is the most stable symbiotic relationship?

A

Commensalism (host no effect, microorganism benefits)

65
Q

Commensalism is relationship that exists between __ and ____

A

human; members of their normal microbiota

66
Q

Eye bacteria has __ number of bacteria

A

Small

67
Q

Predominant bacterium in eye and external ear is

A

staphylococcus epidermis

68
Q

External ear is similiar to ___ flora

A

skin

69
Q

What bacteria is found in anoxic nature of space between teeth and gums?

A

Fusobacterium since strict anaerobe and gram negative

70
Q

Due to anoxic nature of space between teeth and gums, ___ become dominant

A

Anaerbobes

71
Q

Why is the mouth great environment for bacteria since….

A

Moist and provide nutrients

72
Q

As teeth grow ____ and ___ attach to enamel surfaces

A

streptococcus parasanguinis and streptococcus mutans

73
Q

What is the causative agent for dental carriers?

A

streptococcus mutans

74
Q

In stomach, most microbes are killed by

A

acidic contitions (low pH)

75
Q

Large intestine (colon) microbes

A

Gut bacteria
Metabolic, immunological and endocrine roles

76
Q

What site microbe is most densely packed microbial ecosystems on Earth?

A

Large Intestine (colon)

77
Q

Ratio of strict anaerboe to faculative anaerobe in large intestine microbes

A

10 (strict anaerobe) : 1 (faculative anaerobe)

78
Q

True or False: E coli is not most common bacteria found in large intestine

A

True since it is faculative anaerobe

79
Q

Functions of Gut microbiome

A
  1. Ferment foods that we cannot digest
  2. synthesize micronutrients including viatimins
  3. metabolize dietary toxins and carinogens
  4. ensure immune system maturation
  5. protect against enteric pathogens
  6. converts steroids such as cholesterol and bile acids to other compounds
80
Q

Primary bile acids are chemically modified by ___ to _____

A

gut microbes; secondary bile acids

impacts growth of other microbes in the gut

81
Q

Genitouring Tract includes

A

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder

82
Q

Genitouring Tract are normally free of

A

microbes

83
Q

Female gential tract is _____ microbiota that changes due to _____

A

complex, menstrual cycle

84
Q

what bacteria predominate in vagina and cervix

A

acid tolerant lactobacilli

85
Q

Lactobacilli are important for

A

protection of female from infection of vagina and cervix but can be killed by antibiotics

86
Q

____ converts food into calories that we can use which affects our _____

A

gut microbiota, weight

87
Q

Functional core microbiome

A

a group of microbes that provides activities and metabolites required for health and homeostasis of the host

88
Q

Overweight people have higher concentration of gut bacteria belonging to phylum ____ compared to bacteria belonging to phylum _____

A

firmicutes (gram +); bacteriodota (strict anaerobe gram -)

89
Q

Do overweight people have more gram + or gram - bacteria?

A

Gram +

90
Q

Metabolome

A

products these microorganisms secrete
(indiivdual species in gut microbiome to metabolome for overweight people)

91
Q

Overweight people gut microbiota population ____

A

changes

92
Q

Impact of ______ on host metabolism

A

fermentation end products

93
Q

Bacteria ferment monomers into ____ which can promote ______

A

short chain fatty acids, weight gain

94
Q

Propionte and butgrate prevent

A

overweight

95
Q

Fermentation product of acetate cause

A

overweight

96
Q

Germ Free (GF) Mice

A

how we research to study affects of microbes on animal health
don’t have good normal flora
rasied in sterile environment
partipate in fecal microbiome transplant

97
Q

GF mice can eat more but gain less weight than

A

beconventional mice

98
Q

Fecal microbiome transplant

A

procedure to get rid of clostridium where take feces from healthy donor for normal flora and transfer to patient’s gut

99
Q

What disrupts the gut microbial community?

A

Antibiotics

100
Q

Colonization resistant

A

aka antagonism
Immunity provided by gut bacteria and is based on competitive exclusion between normal flora and pathogenic

101
Q

Following antibiotic treatment, people are at a higher risk of

A

GI tract infections
Ex. C. difficile

102
Q

Microbiome signals influence _____ at sites _____

A

immune cell function; distance from the gut

103
Q

True or false: Gut microbiota affects central nervous system

A

True

104
Q

The diet consumed by a person with cardiovascular disease is

A

red meat and high fat foods

105
Q

Why is the diet cause cardiovascular disease?

A

little fiber for gut microbes to produce antiflamatory short chain fatty acids

106
Q

Cardiovascular disease promots growth of a “meat” eating microbial population that metabolizes ___ and _____ resulting production of _____

A

L-carnitine, phosphatidylchloline, thimethylamine (TMA)

107
Q

Microbes are involved in 20% of ____

A

malignacies (cancer)

108
Q

Thimethylamine (TMA)

A

absorbs into blooodstream and travels to liver causing cardiovasciular disease (astherosclerosis)

109
Q

Helicobacter

A

stomach cancer and disregulate host cell cycling and carcinogen

110
Q

Bacteria involved in metastasis of tumors to

A

distant sites

111
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

fed to cattle to carry less E. Coli
Helps make beef meet quality standards

112
Q

Probiotics

A

Live microorggnaisms when admistered in adequate amounts which help with health benefit to host

113
Q

Loss of microbiome diversty leads to

A

dysbiosis and variety of diseases that involve inflamation

114
Q

Many cancers linked to microorganisms are driven by

A

inflamatory state associated with dysbiosis/ imbalance

115
Q

E. Coli: 0157: H7 is

A

pathogenic!

116
Q

Bacteriocins

A

toxic peptides preoduced by gram positive bacteria that target closely related species

Microbio (18 decks)

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