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Microbio > Unit 4: Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidimeiology

A

science that evaoluates occurence, deterimants, distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population
Provides PREVENTION!!

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2
Q

Who was first epidimeiologist

A

John Snow
Looked at cholera outbreak and found it was caused by contaminated water

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3
Q

Compared to the 1900s, the 2000s have

A

more cancer and metabolic syndrome
reduced infectious disease

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4
Q

What organizations help develop and carry out disease prevention and control?

A

CDC and WHO

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4
Q

Why do we now have reduced infectious disease compared to the 1900s?

A
  1. public health measures
  2. antibiotics
  3. vaccine
  4. chlorination of drinking water system
  5. education
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5
Q

Sporadiac disease

A

occurs occasionally or at irregular intervals in human population
Ex. tentanus, rabis, meningitis

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6
Q

Endemic disease

A

maintains steady, low level frequency at moderately regular interval
Ex. common cold and malaria

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7
Q

Epidemic

A

outbreak affecting many people at once

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8
Q

Hyperendemic disease

A

increase in frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level

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9
Q

Outbreak

A

very suden unexpected occurence of disease
usually in limited segment of population!!

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10
Q

Reservoir host

A

organism remains healthy while virus thrives

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11
Q

Index Case

A

first person identified in an epidemic

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12
Q

Pandemic

A

increase in disease occurence within a large population over at least 2 countries around the world
Ex. Covid19

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13
Q

____ determine risk factors

A

statistics

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14
Q

Incidence

A

measure occurence of new cases of a disease during defined period of time , as compared to total healthy population

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15
Q

Infectious disease frequency is important parameter for epidemiologists. In order to measure infectious disease frequency, several measurements are needed such as:

A
  1. knowledge of population
  2. exposed people
  3. affected people
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16
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

Total number of cases (individuals effected) over total population

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17
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Number of new cases of a disease during specific period over total number of individuals in population

18
Q

Mortality rate

A

number of deaths of given disease over size of total population with disease

19
Q

Communicable disease

A

can be transmitted from person to person

20
Q

Propagated epidemic

A

one infected individual placed in susceptible population
long time, stabilize
Ex. strep throat

20
Q

Common source epidemic

A

noncommunicable and results from single, common source
short time, rapid peak
Ex. food poisoning

21
Q

Is influenza epidemic common source or propagated epidemic?

A

propagated epidemic

22
Q

Time 0 of epidemic

A

all individuals susceptible to hypothetic pathogen

23
Day 15 of epidemic
epidemic peak reached threshhold density
24
If the number of cases increase, the number of susceptibles
decrease
25
Herd immunity
threshold percentage of population having immunity so when isolated cases reemerge, there is no escalation of disease through population
25
Basic reproduction number (R0)
Capacity of infectious agent to spread
26
R0=12 meaning
For every 1 infected up to 10 people
27
Global pandemic
new, reemerging or drug resistant infection have increased within past 3 decades Ex. TB, MERS
28
Category A pathogen
highest threat to public health
29
Category B pathogen
second highest threat to public health
30
Category C pathogen
third highest threat to public health
31
Systematic epidemiology
fcouses on ecological and social factors that influence development of emerging and reemerging diseases COMBINATION
32
Reasons for increase in emerging/ reemerging infectious diseases
1. World population growth and urbanization 2. Crowded workplaces and public transportation 3. Increased internal travel 4. Climate change
33
many hospital strains are
antibiotic resistant
33
Nonsomical infections also health care infections
infections acquired by patients while in hospital
34
Endogenous sources
from normal flora (yourself) Ex. infections and pneumonas
35
Exogenous sources
from outside Ex. staff, patients, flowers
36
Prevention adn control of epidemics
1. reduce or elimate source or reservoir of infection 2. reduce number of susceptible individuals and raise general level of herd immuntiy
36
Impact of healthcare infections (HAI) lead to
prolong hospital stays and deaths
37
Choosing biological agents as weapons that favor use:
invisible, odorless, tasteless
38

Microbio (18 decks)

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