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Microbio > Unit 4: Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 34 Flashcards

1
Q

Host

A

larger organism that supports survival and growth of pathogenic microorganism

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2
Q

Infection

A

microbe growing and multiplying on or within a host
may or may not result in overt disease

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3
Q

Infectious disease

A

any change from a state of health
part or all of host incapable of carrying on normal function due to presence of pathogen or its product

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4
Q

Infection vs colonization

A

Infection: conditions from colonization of host that can cause disease
Colonization: denotes physical presence of microorganisms

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5
Q

___ can cause infections when opportunity given

A

colonization

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6
Q

Pathogen

A

any organism that cause disease

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7
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

may be part of normal microbiota and cause disease when host is immunocomprised

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8
Q

Pseduomas aeuroginosa

A

Not part of normal flora
Opportunistic pathogen

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9
Q

Extracellular pathogens

A

remain in tissues and fluids but never enter host cells during disease

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9
Q

Virulence

A

degree of harm (pathogenicity) inflicted on its host

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10
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of pathogen to cause disease

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11
Q

A pathogen must contact ______ and survive within it to cause _____

A

a host, disease

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12
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

Grow and multiply within host cells

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13
Q

Faculative intracellular pathogens

A

reside within cells of host and can also grow without host cell support in pure culture

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14
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogens

A

reside within cells of host and needs host to reproduce and survive

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15
Q

Factors affecting success of transmission

A
  1. Virulence of organism
  2. Number of invading organisms
  3. Presence of adhesion and invasion factors
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16
Q

The best defensive system against pathogens is:

A

immune system based on healthy diet and exercise

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17
Q

Invading organism competes ____ for resources and survive host ______ ________

A

resident microbiota (normal flora) ; defense mechanism

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18
Q

Disease ensues when organism produces molecules that
directly damage ______ or stimulates ______

A

host cells
host immune cells to destroy infected tissue

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19
Q

Tranmission

A

entry into the host

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20
Q

Animate transmission

A

Living
(animals, humans)

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21
Q

Inanimate transmission

A

Nonliving
(water, food)

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22
Q

Reservoir

A

natural environment location in which pathogen normally resides

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23
Q

Vector

A

Organism that spreads disease from one to another

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24
Q

Mosquitoes, ticks, fleases, mites, biting flies are examples of

A

vector

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25
Q

Pathogen transmission occurs either _____ or ______

A

directly, indirectly

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26
Q

4 main routes of pathogen transmission:

A
  1. Airborne
  2. Contact
  3. Vehicle
  4. Vector borne
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27
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Pregnant women pass pathogen to their unborn child
(infected mother to child)

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28
Q

Examples of Direct transmission

A

horizontal contact (kissing)
airborne droplets
vector
vertical contact (mother to child)

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29
Q

Examples Indirect transmission (vehicles)

A

Contact (fomites)
Food
Water
Biological products
Airborne (droplet nuclei and aerosolized droplets like dust)

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30
Q

Fomites

A

inanimate objects that can carry disease
Ex. Table, microphones, door handles

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31
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Transmission of infection from person to person

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32
Q

Horizontal Transmission through _____

A

7 F’S
1. Flies
2. Fluids
3. Food
4. Feces
5. Fingers
6. Fomites
7. Fornication

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33
Q

The efficiency of transmission increases with

A

extensive multiplication

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34
Q

Pathogens virulence may be influenced by its ability to

A

live outside its host

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35
Q

True or False: Exposure is enough to make infection to occur

A

False: infection is not enough to make infection!

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36
Q

Tropism

A

Pathogen must make contact with appropriate host tissue by cell surface receptors

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36
Q

Infection occurs by ___ and _____

A

exposure and tropism

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37
Q

Droplets

A

direct airborne transmission
produced when liquids are placed under force (saliva, mucus)
can travel up to 1 meter (why social distance exists)
up to 2 mm in diamter

38
Q

Most human diseases are transmitted by the ___ system through any other system

A

Respiratory

39
Q

Droplet nuclei

A

indirect airborne transmission
result from evaporation of larger droplets
may remain airborne for hours or days and travel long distances
1 to 5 um diamter

40
Q

Dust particles

A

indirect airborne transmission
can survive long periods outside host

41
Q

Droplet nuclei can reach

A

the lung

42
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Caused by mycobacterium
Example of droplet nuclei
Patient cough into air release droplet nuclei which float into air and can last several hours to be inhaled by a person

43
Q

Aerosolized dust particles

A

smaller than 1 um and can be dispersed way further

44
Q

Contact transmission

A

host touching source or reservoir of the pathogen

44
Q

Direct contact is

A

person to person
physical interaction is required

44
Q

Indirect contact

A

involves inanimate objects (fomite) that transfers infectious agent between hosts

45
Q

Vehicles

A

materials that indirectly transmit pathogens

46
Q

Examples of vehicles

A

Surginal instruments
Drinking vessels
Food
Water
Biological materials (fluids and tissues)
Air

47
Q

Vector

A

living organism that transmits a pathogen
highly virulent

48
Q

Vector organisms include ___ and ___

A

mostly anthropods: insects, ticks, mites, flies
vertebrates: dogs, cats, skunks, bats

49
Q

In vector borne transmission, pathogen benefit because ___ and ____

A

extensive reproduction
spread between hosts

50
Q

Vector born diseases include

A

Malaria, typhus, and sleeping sickness

51
Q

In vector borne transmission, pathogens do not harm what nd why?

A

their vector
because host and pathogen vector are closely related as reproduction connect the two

52
Q

What is more common?
Vertical or horizontal transmission

A

horizontal transmission

53
Q

Babies born with infectious disease from vertical transmission are said to have:

A

congenital infection
Ex. gonorrhea, symphillus, german measles, toxoplasmois, listeria, zika virus

54
Q

Infectious Dose (ID50)

A

Number of microbes required to cause disease in 50% of inoculated hosts

55
Q

Highly virulent pathogenns have ___ value of ID50 and LD50 than does moderately virulent one

A

lower

56
Q

More virulent strain is identified as

A

Low ID50 and LD50
lower number of organisms needed to infect 50% of hosts

57
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

large infective dose (10^7) since it is easily destroyed by stomach acid
(higher number of organisms cause disease)

58
Q

Shigella

A

requires very small infective dose
(small number of organisms cause disease)

59
Q

Lethal Dose (LD50)

A

dose that kills 50% of a group of experiemntal hosts within a specified period

60
Q

Lethal dose is influenced by

A

susceptibility of host by imune system, nutrition, cleanliness, and emotional health

61
Q

__ and _____ establish colonization

A

entry, adhesion

62
Q

Portal of entry for pathogens

A
  1. skin
  2. respiratory
  3. gastrointestinal
  4. urogenital system
  5. conjuctive of eye
62
Q

Adhesion

A

cell-surface components that help bacteria attach to target cells

63
Q

Adhesions have high degree of ___ to _____

A

specificity, target tissues

64
Q

Microbial adherence structures:

A
  1. Pilli
  2. Fimbriae
  3. Membrane and capsular materials
  4. Specialized adhesion molecules on microbe’s cell surface
65
Q

Bacteremia

A

presence of viable bacteria in the blood

65
Q

Invasion

A

once under mucous membrane, a pathogen can penetrate deep issues

66
Q

Septicemia

A

bacterial or fungal toxins in the blood

67
Q

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

A

Noninvasive
Does not spread from oen tissue to another but toxins become blood borne

68
Q

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Yerinia pestis (Plague)

A

Highly invasive
Produces toxins

69
Q

Invasion of intracellular bacterial pathogens use ______

A

actin filament tail

70
Q

Actinn tail propels bacteria by

A

host cell surface where it forms protrusion and helps with invasion

71
Q

Profusion from actin tail is engulfed by

A

adjacent cell and evades immune response

72
Q

Pathogenicity Islands

A

Large segments of bacterial chromosomes and plasmid DNA to encode for virulence factors

73
Q

Toxin

A

substance that disrupts normal metabolism of host cells

73
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Pathogen’s ability to produce toxins

73
Q

Intoxications

A

Diseases that result from entry of a specific performed toxin into host
Ex. S. aureus

73
Q

What helps the pathogen survive host defenses?

A

Pathogenicity Islands

74
Q

3 ways pathogenicity islands help survive host defenses

A
  1. increase bacterial virulence
  2. absent in nonpathogenic membranes of same genes and species
  3. genes can spread from one bacterial cell to another
75
Q

Intoxications don’t require presence of ___ but require presence of ___

A

pathogen, toxin

76
Q

Intoxication vs. infection

A

Intoxication: disease from entry of toxin and organism does not have to enter body
Infection: organism needs to enter body and go to target to attach to receptor

77
Q

Exotoxins

A

AB toxin (2 subunit protein)
gram + and gram -
heat susceptible (not resistant)
more toxic

78
Q

Endotoxins

A

Lipid A
Onlyn gram -
Heat stable and resistant
less toxic

79
Q

__ are among most lethal substances known

A

exotoxins

80
Q

How can exotoxins be transferred?

A

From organism to organism by genes on plasmids or prophages

81
Q

AB toxin

A

In exotoxin and protein
2 subunits
1. A subunit: catalyze reaction that cause toxicity
2. B subunit: binds to host cell receptor

82
Q

Superantigens

A

Endotoxin
Stimulate about 30% of host T cells of immune cells which encode for cytokines and release proinflamatory molecules

83
Q

Cytokines by T cells of superantigens result in

A

failure of multiple host organs

84
Q

Endotoxin lipid polysaccharide located in

A

gram negative cell wall and is toxic to mammals

85
Q

Why are endotoxins called endotoxins

A

Bound to bacterium and released when microorganism lyses

86
Q

What causes fever?

A

endotoxin

86
Q

The toxic componet in lipid portion of endotoxins is

A

Lipid A

Microbio (18 decks)

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