Unit 4- Evolution

Question 1

Who came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection

Answer 1

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace

Question 2

What did Darwin see on his journey that helped him think of evolution?

Answer 2

he saw organisms that were similar but had different traits depending on where they lived (finches with different beaks)

Question 3

What did Lyell believe about Earth?

Answer 3

the earth is very old and has changed slowly over time

Question 4

What was Lamarck’s idea about how animals change?

Answer 4

He thought animals could get traits during their life and pass them to their babies (like a giraffe stretching its neck)

Question 5

What did Malthus say about population growth?

Answer 5

More babies are born than can survive because there isn’t enough food and space

Question 6

What is artificial selection?

Answer 6

when humans choose which animals or plants to breed to get certain traits (fluffy dogs or sweeter fruit)

Question 7

What is natural selection?

Answer 7

animals with the best traits for their environment survive and have babies

Question 8

What are the key ideas in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

Answer 8

variation, adaptation, survival of the fittest, and common ancestry

Question 9

What does “descent with modification” mean?

Answer 9

living things today came from older species but have changed over time

Question 10

What are some of the ways we know evolution is real?

Answer 10

fossils, where animals live (biogeography), similar body parts, embryos, and DNA

Question 11

What are the 3 types of natural selection?

Answer 11

1. Directional (one extreme trait)
2. Stabilizing (average trait)
3. Disruptive (both extremes)

Question 12

What is speciation?

Answer 12

when one species splits into 2 new species

Question 13

How did Darwin’s finches change?

Answer 13

their beaks changed depending on the food on the different islands

Question 14

What is coevolution?

Answer 14

when 2 species change together, like bees and flowers

Question 15

What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution?

Answer 15

Divergent- one species becomes different
Convergent: different species become similar

Question 16

How does antibiotic resistance show natural selection?

Answer 16

The bacteria that has the genes that allow it to resist the antibiotics survive. the ones that don’t have it die. the environment favored the resistant bacteria

Question 17

What is reproductive isolation?

Answer 17

when 2 groups can’t mate anymore, so they become different species

Question 18

What are the types of reproductive isolation?

Answer 18

1. Geographic (live in different places)
2. Behavioral (different mating behaviors or behaviors in general)
3. Temporal (mate at different times)

Question 19

Variation

Answer 19

in every species, individuals are a little different from each other (for example, some birds may have longer beaks than others)

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

some traits help individuals survive better. these traits are called adaptations

Question 21

Fitness

Answer 21

organisms with the best traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 22

Common descent

Answer 22

all living things come from a shared ancestor

Question 23

Biogeography

Answer 23

study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived. similar animals on different continents suggest they came from the same ancestors

Question 24

comparative anatomy

Answer 24

looking at body structures of different animals

Question 25

homologous structures

Answer 25

same structure, different function-> shows common ancestry

Question 26

analogous structures

Answer 26

different structure, same function-> shows adaptation to similar environments, but not common ancestry

Question 27

vestigial structures

Answer 27

body parts that no longer serve a purpose-> left over from ancestors

Question 28

embryology

Answer 28

early embryos of different animals look very similar, showing they developed from the same ancestors

Question 29

molecular evidence

Answer 29

all living things have DNA. the more similar the DNA or protein sequences between species, the more closely related they are

Question 30

order of evolutionary thought

Answer 30

Lamarck Malthus Darwin Lyell Wallace

Question 31

genetic drift

Answer 31

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Question 32

bottleneck effect

Answer 32

The bottleneck effect occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size, often due to a catastrophic event (like a natural disaster) or human activities (like overhunting or habitat destruction

Question 33

founder effect

Answer 33

when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This small population size means that the colony may have: reduced genetic variation from the original population

Question 34

genetic equilibrium

Answer 34

when all the traits in a population are balanced