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DJ Unit 4: Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems > Flashcards

Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A 
Central Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord 
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
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2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The control centre for the body - brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

Nerves that branch out from the CNS and take messages to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Controls and regulates processes such as heart rate and peristalsis

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5
Q

What are Sensory Neurons?

A

Transmit information from the senses - eyes, ears, skin etc

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6
Q

What are Motor Neurons?

A

Transmit information to the muscles from the brain

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7
Q

What are the components of the brain?

A 
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobes
Corpus Callosum 
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Meninges
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8
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Outermost layer of brain, responsible for thinking and processing information.
4 different lobes to process different types of information

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9
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Positioned at the back of the skull, it regulates muscle activity - gross and fine motor skills.
Maintains balance

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10
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe?

A

Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for thinking, decision making and planning, memory, language and judgement

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11
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

A bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication between the two

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12
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temperature.
Regulates appetite and thirst.
Homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

Automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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14
Q

What are Meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

What are the components of a Neuron?

A 
Dendrites
Cell body
Neucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
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16
Q

What is an Axon?

A

Long thread-like part of a nerve cell which impulse are conducted away from the cell body to other cells

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17
Q

What is a Dendron?

A

Short, branched structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body

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18
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

Fatty white substance that surrounds the axon - a protective layer enabling electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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19
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The gap between nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are released to allow the message to transmit from one nerve cell to the next

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20
Q

Name the glands of the endocrine system

A 
Pancreas
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Ovaries and Testes
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21
Q

What is the function of the Pancreas?

A

Produces Insulin to regulate glucose levels in the blood

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22
Q

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

A

Located at the base of the brain it is the “master” gland that regulates all the other endocrine glands

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23
Q

What is the function of the Adrenal Gland?

A

Situated at the top of each kidney, they produce the “fight or flight” hormone, Adrenaline

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24
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Located in the lower front part of the neck, it produces thyroxine which sustains metabolism

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25
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced in the endocrine system
26
What are the functions of Ovaries and Testes?
Testes - produce testosterone | Ovaries - produce oestrogen and progesterone
27
What are the components of the kidney?
``` Cortex Medulla Calyx Ureters Renal Artery Renal Vein Urethra Bladder ```
28
What is the cortex?
Outer layer of the kidney
29
What is the medulla?
Inner part of kidney. Contains thousands of nephrons
30
What is a calyx?
Chambers through which urine passes
31
What is ureter?
Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
32
What is the renal artery?
Supplies kidney with oxygenated blood
33
What is the renal vein?
Carries blood filtered by the kidneys
34
What is the urethra?
Urine passes out of the bladder and out of the body through this
35
What does the bladder do?
Stores urine
36
What is the function of the kidney?
Maintain body's water balance Control salt levels Nephrons do the filtering of blood
37
What do kidney nephrons do?
Filter waste from blood (urea) and creates urine.
38
What are the breakdown functions of the liver?
Deamination Detoxification Production of bile
39
What is deamination?
breaking down protein (amino acids) - produces a toxic waste (ammonia)
40
What is detoxification?
Liver converts ammonia into urea and sends it to kidneys | Liver breaks down alcohol and removes it from blood
41
What is the production of bile?
Liver produces bile to help breakdown nutrients in the digestive process
42
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment - keeps everything normal
43
Give examples of homeostasis:
Body temperature Blood sugar levels Water content
44
What is negative feedback?
If the level rises then control systems bring it back. | If the level drops then control systems bring it back
45
What are the stages of negative feedback?
Conditions in the body change from a set point Change detected Corrective mechanisms activated Conditions return to set point
46
What are the symptoms of stroke?
``` Face may drop to one side May not be able to raise both arms Slurred speech Dizziness Confusion Issues with balance and coordination ```
47
What are the 2 types of stroke?
Ischaemic | Hemorrhagic
48
What causes a ischaemic stroke?
A blood clot which blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
49
What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?
When a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into and around the brain
50
What are the risk factors for stroke?
``` High blood pressure Smoking High fat diet Alcohol Lack of exercise ```
51
What is the treatment for a stroke?
``` Blood thinning (anti clot) medicine Surgery to remove clot Surgical stents Physiotherapy Mobility aids ```
52
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
An auto immune system disorder. The myelin sheath is attacked which causes it to be damaged which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves
53
what are the risk factors for MS?
Genetics Smoking Glandular fever
54
What are the symptoms of MS?
``` Fatigue Difficulty walking Numbness or tingling Muscle stiffness Blurred vision ```
55
What is the treatment for MS?
``` No cure - a progressive disease Wheelchairs Steroids Speech and language therapy Physiotherapy ```
56
What are the symptoms of Diabetes
``` Thirst Tiredness Urinating more than usual Weight loss Blurred vision ```
57
What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Auto immune system disorder. Islets of Langerhans (which produce insulin) are attacked
58
What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?
The body becomes resistant to insulin - Being overweight contributes to this
59
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Use of insulin to maintain sugar levels. | Monitoring blood glucose levels
60
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
Healthy eating | Regular exercise
61
What is nephrotic syndrome?
The kidney nephrons don't work properly causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine and subsequently leaves the body when it shouldn't
62
What causes nephrotic syndrome?
``` Kidney damage Diabetes Sickle cell anaemia HIV Hepatitis Syphilis ```
63
What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
Swelling of the body tissues High levels of urine being passed Greater chance of infections due to loss of proteins Blood clots
64
What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
``` Steroids Reducing salt intake Vaccinations Dialysis Diuretic tablets ```
65
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
Scaring of the liver tissue caused by overuse detoxification of alcohol
66
What are the symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?
``` Nausea Weight loss Vomiting blood Loss of appetite Jaundice Swelling of legs, ankles and feet Itchy skin ```
67
What is the treatment of liver cirrhosis?
No cure Lifestyle changes - stop drinking alcohol Aim for health weight Transplant as last resort

DJ Unit 4: Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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