UNIT 5 - Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution Flashcards
(34 cards)
What was the Age of Enlightenment?
an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th-19th centuries
John Locke
- from England
- wrote Two Treatises on Government
- the government exists to preserve life, liberty, and property
- people should be sovereign
- monarchs are not chosen by God
Thomas Hobbes
- From England
- Wrote Leviathan
- life without government is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
- absolute government is needed to control evil behavior (not divine right)
Montesquieu
- From France
- Wrote The Spirit of laws
- Government must have separation of powers (3 branches)
Rousseau
- From France
- Wrote the Social Contract
- people are born free, but society chains them
- The government is a contract between people and rulers
- The government must be what the people want
Voltaire
- From France
- Life is better with liberty
- Freedom of speech and religion
- Separation of the church and state
Olympe de Gouges
- French writer who fought for women’s rights during the French Revolution
- Wrote the “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”
Mary Wollstonecraft
- English writer
- Wrote “A Vindication on the Rights of Women” which argued that females should receive the same education as males
What is the Seneca Falls Convention
- In New York
- first women’s rights convention in the United States
- the beginning of the women’s rights movement, and produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined the rights women should be entitled to
What is Zionism?
The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
What caused the American Revolution?
- Enlightenment ideas
- colonial opposition to British policies (taxation without representation)
- escalating tensions (Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party)
How did the American Revolution end?
- American independence from British colonial rule
- Declaration of Independence
- Inspired future revolutions
What caused the French Revolution?
- Resentment towards the absolute monarchy
- Influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution
- Increasing poverty and the rise of the middle class
- attempting to tax the nobles
- tax burden on the third estate
What is French Independence Day?
The day when a crowd in Paris stormed the Bastille, a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the aristocracy
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen
Who became the emperor of France in 1804?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What was the result of the Haitian Revolution?
- Toussaint L’Ouverture’s army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government
- L’Ouverture produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents
How did Italy unify?
- Count di Cavour, the prime minister, led the drive to unite the entire Italian Peninsula
- Cavour allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
How did Germany unify?
- Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck favored realpolitik and used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification
- Bismarck founded the new German Empire, made up of many territories gained from the wars
What are some examples of growth of technology from the Industrial Revolution?
- The spinning jenny allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
- the water frame used water power to drive the spinning wheel
- interchangeable parts
What are some of Britain’s industrial advantages?
- abundant resources of coal, iron, and fast-flowing streams
- surplus of labor
- increased population = market to buy goods
- started new factories
- built systems of roads and canals
What factors delayed the Industrial Revolution in France?
- sparsely populated urban centers
- still dealing with the French Revolution
Germany became a leading producer of …
steel and coal
What happened in India as a result of British officials mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership?
- Indian shipbuilding suffered and Britain designed ships of the British East India Company as the Indian Navy
- India’s ability to mine and work metals declined due to tariffs
