UNIT 7 - Global Conflict

Question 1

What led to the Russian Revolution of 1917?

Answer 1

• Russia was falling behind most of Europe, the U.S. and Japan’s wealth and power
• internal challenges
• lost the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire
• lost the Russo-Japanese War for power in East Asia

Question 2

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Answer 2

an organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under Vladimir Lenin, which seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin at its head

Question 3

What were some difficulties in China during this time?

Answer 3

• consisted of dozens of ethnic groups (largest group was Han but the rulers were Manchus –> Han did not accept Qing as legitimate rulers)
• rapid population growth but could not expand farmland to provide stable food supply

Question 4

How did power shift in Mexico?

Answer 4

• entered the 20th century as an independent nation under the control of a dictator, Portirio Diaz
• Diaz jailed the opposition candidate for president and there was growing opposition to his strong-armed policies, accomodation to foreign powers, and opposition to land reform, leading to the Mexican Revolution

Question 5

What did Mexico suffer from?

Answer 5

political instability and devastating violence

Question 6

What are the causes of WWI?

Answer 6

MANIA
Militarism - policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war
Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
Nationalism - pride in or devotion to one’s country
Imperialism - when one country takes over another country economically and politically
Assassination - murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question 7

Who was in the Triple Entente?

Answer 7

Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary

Question 8

Who was in the Triple Alliance?

Answer 8

Russia, France, and Britain

Question 9

What are some examples of changes in warfare and technology?

Answer 9

• trench warfare to defend against enemy fire
• poison gas
• machine guns (increased deadly impact of warfare)
• submarines
• tanks developed by British

Question 10

Why did the United States enter the war?

Answer 10

• In 1915, a German submarine attacked and sank the Lusitania, an ocean liner carrying more than 100 US citizens
• Intercepted a telegram that mentioned how the German government offered to help Mexico reclaim territory it lost to the US if Mexico allied with Germany in the war

Question 11

What is total war?

Answer 11

• A nation’s domestic population, in addition to its military, was committed to winning the war
• millions of civilians, including women, worked in factories to make war materials
• used propaganda (posters and articles in newspapers and magazines that often demonized the enemy or misrepresented facts of the war)

Question 12

Who were the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 12

• Woodrow Wilson (US)
• David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
• Georges Clemenceau (France)
• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Question 13

What did Wilson strongly believe in?

Answer 13

• peace without victory (no one country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded)

Question 14

What are the Fourteen Points?

Answer 14

• A set of peace proposals by Wilson
• wanted to create a League of Nations

Question 15

What was the League of Nations?

Answer 15

An organization in which all nations of the world (except the US) would convene to discuss conflicts openly

Question 16

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 16

• Result of the Paris Peace Conference
• Germany had to pay billions of dollars in reparations for damage caused by the war
• Germany had to give up all their colonies
• Germany had to restrict the size of their armed forces

Question 17

What is the Interwar Period?

Answer 17

The period between WWI and WWII

Question 18

What was the Great Depression?

Answer 18

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the beginning of WWII in 1939

Question 19

What are major causes of the Great Depression?

Answer 19

• the United States stock market crash in 1929
• Agricultural overproduction (surplus of goods and a decline in profits)
• collapse of international trade

Question 20

What was Roosevelt’s New Deal?

Answer 20

Three Rs
- Relief for citizens who were suffering, including the poor, the unemployed, farmers, minorities, and women
- Recovery to bring the nation out of the Depression, in part through government spending
- Reform to change government policies in hopes of avoiding such disasters in the future

Question 21

Where did the Great Depression Spread

Answer 21

Started in the US and Europe but spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia

Question 22

What did Lenin and the Bolshevik Party promise during WWI?

Answer 22

Peace, land, and bread (however, faced starvation during the Russian Civil War and hundreds of thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, and others revolted against the Russian government’s actions)

Question 23

What was Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP)?

Answer 23

Lenin reintroduced private trade, allowing farmers to sell their products on a small scale

Question 24

Who took control of the Communist Party after Lenin’s death?

Answer 24

Joseph Stalin set himself up as dictator

Question 25

What was Stalin's first Five-Year Plan?

Answer 25

- meant to transform the USSR into an industrial power (heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture) - punished political opponents by executing them or sentencing them to life in the gulags - agricultural policies led to the deaths of many millions of citizens

Question 26

What led to the rise of fascism?

Answer 26

- post WWI economic hardship - political instability - social unrest

Question 27

What did Mussolini do in Italy?

Answer 27

- he and his allies in the Fascist Party took control of the parliament - he became a dictator, repressing any possible opposition - militaristic propaganda infiltrated every part of the Fascist government

Question 28

Why did the Weimar Republic fail?

Answer 28

- struggled to address widespread unemployment, inflation, and a sense of despair - faced political instability and a lack of public confidence

Question 29

How did Hitler seize power?

Answer 29

- after being appointed Chancellor, he granted himself dictatorial powers - Hitler dismantled the Weimar Republic, banning other political parties, censoring the press, and establishing a one-party state - used propaganda - suppressed dissent with violence and concentration camps

Question 30

What are the effects of WWI on South Asia and West Africa?

Answer 30

- renewed the hopes of people in these regions for independence - Allies established a mandate system to rule the colonies and territories of the Central Powers - Ottoman Empire fell - Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq became League of Nations mandates

Question 31

What was anti-colonialism like in South Asia (India)?

Answer 31

- Mohandas Gandhi led the Indian independence movement though non-violent resistance and civil disobedience - he organized protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns against British rule (Salt March)

Question 32

What did nationalism look like in East Asia?

Answer 32

- China hoped the Allies would support their desire to reclaim land in northeast China, however Japan wanted the same land (Britain and France sided with Japan) - Chinese intellectuals and workers stages anti-Japanese demonstrations on May 4, 1919, which symbolized China's growing nationalism and demand for democracy

Question 33

What 2 main groups in China fought for power after the May Fourth protests?

Answer 33

- The Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong (believed that China's communist revolution could be based on the revolt of peasant who were the majority of China's population) - The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek (was a conservative and distrusted communism; his forces attacked and nearly destroyed Mao's forces, initiating the Chinese Civil War)

Question 34

What are the causes of WWII in Europe?

Answer 34

- The Treaty of Versailles (solved nothing, Germans were humiliated, significant territorial losses for Germany) - The League of Nations failed to keep peace - Hitler's Expansionism (search for Labensraum or living space, invasion of Poland) - Appeasement (let Hitler do what he wanted to avoid another war)

Question 35

Who were the Axis Powers?

Answer 35

Japan, Germany, and Italy

Question 36

Who were the Allies?

Answer 36

United States, France, Britain, and the USSR

Question 37

What is blitzkrieg?

Answer 37

- lightning war - strategy used by Hitler to quickly subdue Poland

Question 38

What did Germany's rapid success in Poland lead Hitler to do?

Answer 38

Encouraged Hitler to attack and conquer Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in the following month.

Question 39

What is the Lend-Lease Act?

Answer 39

An act in the United States where the US gave up all pretensions of neutrality by lending war materials to Britain.

Question 40

Did Hitler successfully invade Britain?

Answer 40

- No, he failed - instead, he turned east and attacked the USSR to eliminate Bolshevism and to create land for settlement and development for Germans

Question 41

When did the United States enter the war?

Answer 41

After the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941

Question 42

Was WWII a total war?

Answer 42

Yes, most countries mobilized all their resources, including the civilian population, to achieve victory

Question 43

What new technologies were used in WWII?

Answer 43

Radar, atomic bombs

Question 44

Where did Hitler spend the war's final days?

Answer 44

- hiding in a bunker in Berlin - committed suicide on April 30, 1945

Question 45

Where did President Truman order the U.S. Army Air Force to drop the first atomic bombs?

Answer 45

On the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in an estimated total of 140,000 deaths