UNIT 9 - Globalization Flashcards
(30 cards)
What was the Green Revolution?
- scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought
- genetic engineering
- small farmers could not afford fertilizers or pesticides so they were unable to compete with large landowners
What natural resource joined coal in fueling industrial output and increasing productivity?
petroleum or crude oil
What are examples of nonrenewable resources?
fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas
Impacts of fossil fuels:
- air pollution
- the cloak of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide
What are some medical innovations?
- penicillin (first antibiotic)
- antibiotics saved lives of soldiers during WWII and spread to civilian use, where the fought a range of illnesses
What are some diseases related to poverty?
malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera
What new epidemics emerged?
the flu, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola
What is Malaria?
A parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas; killed more than 600k people each year in the early 21st century
What is Tuberculosis?
A disease associated with poverty; an airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes and affects the lungs; cure was developed involving antibiotics and rest
What is Cholera?
A bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water; 95k deaths per year; mainly affects poor people in developing countries
What is deforestation?
the loss of Earth’s trees as a result of cutting down trees so the land could be used for agriculture
What is desertification?
The removal of the natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands; arid and semi-arid land
What are some causes of environmental changes?
- population growth
- urbanization
- globalization
- industrialization (energy and natural resources in demand)
What are the effects of environmental changes?
- oil could be used up at a fast rate (within the next 30-40 years)
- coal reserves could be depleted in 60 years
- 31 countries are facing water scarcity
- more than 1 billion people lack clean, accessible drinking water
- factories, automobiles, airplanes, etc. have emitted huge amounts of pollutants like CO2 and greenhouse gases
What is economic liberalization and where did it occur?
The reduction of government intervention in an economy, promoting free markets and competition
Occurred in India and other countries that had been non-aligned during the Cold War
Who is Augusto Pinochet and what did he do?
- a Chilean military dictator who came to power and overthrew the elected socialist president, Salvador Allende
- he turned the Chilean economy from state control to a free-market approach
- widespread human rights abuses (execution, torture, and disappearance of political opponents)
Who is Deng Xiaoping?
- The Chinese leader of the Communist Party
- he backed away from the commitment to economic equality and more actively promoted economic growth
What is the knowledge economy?
An economic system heavily reliant on information, technology, and human capital for innovation and productivity (emphasizes utilization of knowledge and information, rather than manufacturing or agriculture)
EX: engineering, software development, education, and research
What economic policies did Japan implement after WWII?
- mercantilist policies that were designed to increase exports and decrease imports
- policies to boost competitiveness
What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?
An agreement between many countries that aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade among member countries
What was GATT eventually replaced by?
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
- made rules that governed more than 90 percent of all international trade
What is a multinational corporation?
A corporation that is legally incorporated in one country but makes and sells goods or services in one or more countries (ex: British East India Company and Dutch East India Company)
What is the Civil Rights Act?
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the United States
What is the 1961 Voting Rights Act?
Banned discrimination in voting in the United States; federal government protects the rights of all citizens
