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Patho 551 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

Cardiophysiology (61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives blood from systemic circulation

The right atrium plays a crucial role in the heart’s process of circulating blood.

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2
Q

What is the location of the mitral valve?

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle

The mitral valve ensures one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

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3
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

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4
Q

What is the role of the SA node?

A

Pacemaker

The SA node initiates the electrical impulses that regulate heartbeats.

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5
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Delays conduction to allow proper ventricular filling prior to contraction

This delay is crucial for effective heart function.

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6
Q

What does the Bundle of His do?

A

Transmits impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches

It is part of the heart’s conduction system.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of Purkinje fibers?

A

Rapidly conduct impulses to the ventricular myocardium

This conduction ensures coordinated contraction of the ventricles.

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8
Q

What does the P wave represent in an ECG?

A

Atrial depolarization

It is useful for diagnosing atrial fibrillation.

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9
Q

What does the T wave correspond to?

A

Ventricular repolarization

This reflects the recovery of the ventricles following depolarization.

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10
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Ventricular depolarization

It represents the contraction of the ventricles.

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11
Q

What is the function of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

Supply blood to the heart

They are essential for delivering oxygen-rich blood to heart tissue.

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12
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

Blood to the left ventricle’s anterior wall

It is critical for the function of the left ventricle.

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13
Q

What is the function of the right marginal branch?

A

Supplies blood to right ventricle; filled by right main coronary artery

This branch is important for right ventricular health.

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14
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply?

A

Supplies blood to left side of heart; filled by left main coronary artery

It plays a key role in nourishing the left side of the heart.

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15
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

Cardiac output measures the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.

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16
Q

What is the average cardiac output for an adult at rest?

A

5 L/min

This is a typical value for a healthy adult.

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17
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat

It is a key measure of heart function.

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18
Q

What is afterload?

A

Resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

It affects the workload of the heart.

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19
Q

What is preload?

A

Degree of stretch on myocardial fibers before contraction

It influences the strength of the heart’s contraction.

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20
Q

What does the Frank-Starling mechanism state?

A

A higher preload leads to a more forceful contraction

This principle is fundamental to cardiac physiology.

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21
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

How much blood the left ventricle pumps with each contraction

It is a crucial measure of heart efficiency.

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22
Q

What is the sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

A

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of His –> bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

This pathway is essential for coordinated heart contractions.

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23
Q

What defines systolic heart failure?

A

Ejection fraction < 40%

This indicates a significant reduction in heart pumping ability.

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24
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Vein in which blood has pooled, leading to distended, tortuous and palpable vessels

They are often a sign of venous insufficiency.

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25
What is stable angina?
Pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin; lack of permanent myocardial damage ## Footnote It indicates transient ischemia of the heart.
26
What is an MI?
Necrosis of myocardial tissue ## Footnote Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a heart attack.
27
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Pick up excess fluid and return it to the bloodstream ## Footnote It plays a vital role in fluid balance and immune function.
28
thrombus
blood clot that remains in vessel
29
embolus
blood clot breaks free and travels through bloodstream
30
Tetralogy of Fallot
- ventricular septal defect - pulmonary stenosis - overriding aorta - right ventricular hypertrophy
31
functions of pericardial sac
- shields heart from trauma, infection and inflmmation - anchors heart in position, preventing excessive damage
32
isolated systolic hypertension
elevated SBP with normal DBP
33
Frank-Starling Law
- the relationship between the force of heart contraction and intial length of myocardial fibers - muscle fiber length is determined by end diastolic volume - an increase in end diastolic volume leads to stronger contraction and increased stroke volume
34
calculation for MAP
D + 1/3(S-D)
35
represents atrial contraction on a right atrial pressure tracing.
A wave
36
time from atrial depolarizaiton to ventricular depolarization
PR interval
37
s/s of raynaud phenomenon
- color change in fingers/toes (white --> blue --> red) - numbness, tingling and pain triggered by cold or stress - common in autoimmune diseases like scleroderma
38
conditions related to uncontrolled, persistent high BP
- hypertensive heart disease - stroke - kidney failure - aneurysms - retinopathy
39
Spasm of coronary arteries, occurs at rest, transient ST elevation
prinzmetal angina
40
condition most likely causes death after a heart attack
v fib (causes sudden cardiac arrest)
41
risk factors for DVT
- prolonged immobility - hypercoaguable states - obesity, smoking, hormone therapy
42
values considered hypertension
S > 130 D > 80
43
incidence of hypertension in US
50%
44
risk factors for hypertension
genetics obesity high salt intake chronic stress sedentary lifestyle
45
patho of atherosclerosis
1. Endothelial injury (e.g., smoking, high BP). 2. LDL cholesterol accumulation in vessel walls. 3. Macrophages engulf LDL → foam cells → fatty streak. 4. Plaque formation & narrowing of arteries.
46
s/s of atherosclerosis
* Chest pain (angina) * Claudication (leg pain when walking) * Stroke-like symptoms (if in carotid arteries) * Reduced pulses in affected limbs.
47
labs to check for a myocardial infarction (MI)
* Troponin I/T (gold standard, elevated in 3-6 hours). * Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). * Myoglobin (early but nonspecific). * Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
48
Why would we check lactic acid in MI
* Indicates tissue hypoxia due to poor oxygen delivery.
49
What is the purpose of the foramen ovale?
* Fetal heart shunt that bypasses pulmonary circulation, allowing blood to move from right atrium to left atrium
50
What two parts does the ductus arteriosus bridge?
* Pulmonary artery → Aorta (bypasses fetal lungs).
51
Why does an atrial septal defect sound like a diamond-shaped murmur?
Turbulent left-to-right blood flow creates a crescendo-decrescendo murmur
52
pathophysiology of Eisenmenger Syndrome
* Left-to-right heart shunt reverses to right-to-left due to pulmonary hypertension, leading to cyanosis.
53
vascular clinical manifestations of aortic coarctation
* Upper body hypertension. * Lower body hypotension & weak pulses. * Rib notching on X-ray.
54
normal heart rate for a newborn
120-160
55
at what age does newmorn Left ventricle thicken as it adapts to systemic circulation
1 month
56
Tetralogy of Fallot
1. Pulmonary stenosis. 2. Right ventricular hypertrophy. 3. Overriding aorta. 4. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
57
first line for hypertension
1) thiazide diuretics 2) ACE inhibitors 3) calcium channel blockers
58
signs and symptoms of thoracic aorta aneurysm
Chest/back pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, pulsating mass
59
most common location for a cerebral aneurysm
circle of willis
60
environmental factors can worsen Raynaud’s Phenomenon
- cold exposure - stress - smoking - caffeine
61
Lipid-laden macrophages that contribute to atherosclerosis.
foam cells

Patho 551 (9 decks)

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