unit 8 lecture

Question 1

What percentage of total body water is found in adults?

Answer 1

60%

This percentage reflects the average total body water in adults.

Question 2

What percentage of total body water is found in pediatrics?

Answer 2

75-80%

This higher percentage accounts for the greater fluid content in children.

Question 3

What are examples of transcellular fluids?

Answer 3

• synovial
• pleural
• cerebrospinal

These fluids are found in specific compartments of the body.

Question 4

What are some examples of transcellular fluid?

Answer 4

• cerebrospinal
• synovial
• pleural
• intraocular

fluids separated from other compartments by barriers

Question 5

What causes water to move out of capillaries during filtration?

Answer 5

Hydrostatic pressure

This pressure is exerted by the fluid within the capillaries.

Question 6

What pressure is involved in reabsorption?

Answer 6

Osmotic pressure

osmotic: all solutes
oncotic: non-permeable proteins

Osmotic pressure plays a crucial role in retaining fluid within the vascular system.

Question 7

What pulls water into capillaries?

Answer 7

Osmotic pressure

Oncotic pressure is typically influenced by proteins in the blood.

Question 8

What are the causes of edema?

Answer 8

• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• decreased plasma oncotic pressure
• lymph channel obstruction
• decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

These factors contribute to fluid accumulation in tissues.

Question 9

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

Answer 9

Sodium

Sodium plays a key role in fluid balance and nerve function.

Question 10

What is the primary cation in intracellular fluid?

Answer 10

Potassium

Potassium is essential for cellular function and electrical activity.

Question 11

What defines hypernatremia?

Answer 11

Sodium greater than 145

Hypernatremia can lead to dehydration and neurological issues.

Question 12

What defines hyponatremia?

Answer 12

Sodium less than 135

Hyponatremia can cause swelling of cells and various health problems.

Question 13

What is the normal range for potassium levels?

Answer 13

3.5-5.5

These levels are critical for maintaining cardiac and muscular function.

Question 14

What is the normal range for calcium levels?

Answer 14

8.8-10.5

Calcium is vital for bone health and physiological functions.

Question 15

What is the normal range for phosphate levels?

Answer 15

2.5-5.0

Phosphate is important for energy transfer and bone structure.

Question 16

What is the normal range for magnesium levels?

Answer 16

1.8-3.0

Magnesium plays a role in muscle function and enzyme activity.

Question 17

What is the normal pH for biological fluids?

Answer 17

7.4

This pH is considered neutral and is crucial for biochemical processes.

Question 18

What hormone leads to sodium and water reabsorption while promoting potassium excretion?

Answer 18

aldosterone

Aldosterone is important for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

Question 19

What hormone primarily affects water reabsorption?

Answer 19

ADH

ADH helps to conserve water in the body.

Question 20

What hormone increases water reabsorption into the plasma?

Answer 20

ADH

This hormone plays a crucial role in hydration status.

Question 21

What is the function of natriuretic peptide?

Answer 21

causes water excretion

Natriuretic peptide helps to reduce blood volume and pressure.

Question 22

What percentage of body calcium is stored in bones?

Answer 22

99%

The majority of calcium in the body is found in the skeletal system.

Question 23

What is carbonic acid (H2CO3) classified as?

Answer 23

Volatile acid

It can dissociate, allowing hydrogen to be excreted in the kidneys.

Question 24

What is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 24

diabetic ketoacidosis

This condition results from increased acid production in the body.

Question 25

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 25

hyperventilation ## Footnote Rapid breathing leads to decreased carbon dioxide levels.

Question 26

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Answer 26

hypoventilation ## Footnote Slow breathing results in increased carbon dioxide levels.

Question 27

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 27

excessive vomiting ## Footnote Loss of stomach acids can lead to increased alkalinity.

Question 28

What are the components of Starling forces?

Answer 28

* capillary hydrostatic pressure * interstitial oncotic pressure * capillary oncotic pressure ## Footnote These forces balance fluid movement in and out of capillaries.

Question 29

What does Starling’s law describe?

Answer 29

balance of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure ## Footnote This law explains fluid dynamics in the circulatory system.

Question 30

What happens to potassium levels during acidosis?

Answer 30

potassium moves out of the cells and increases serum potassium level ## Footnote This shift is due to the accumulation of hydrogen ions in the intracellular fluid.