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Patho 551 > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

provides strength and elasticity in connective tissue, skin, tendons and bones

A

collagen

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2
Q

facilitates nutrient and waste exchange in connective tissue surrounding cells and fibers

A

ground substance

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3
Q

what gives bones their hardness

A

hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate mineral) inorganic substance

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4
Q

organic substance in bone

A

osteoid (comprised of collagen and protein)

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5
Q

inorganic substance in bone

A

hydroxyapatite (made up of calcium phosphate crystals)

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6
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells responsible for producing the bone matrix and initiating mineralization.

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7
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and calcium release.

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8
Q

Define osteocyte.

A

Mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix that help maintain bone structure and regulate mineral content.

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9
Q

What is osteoid?

A

The unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts before it undergoes calcification.

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10
Q

What is a protein secreted by osteoblasts that plays a role in bone mineralization and calcium metabolism?

A

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin is important for maintaining bone health and regulating mineral content.

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11
Q

type of collagen found in bones, tendons, skin and ligaments

A

*Type I

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12
Q

Dense and strong; forms the outer layer of bones and provides structural support.

A

Compact bone

Compact bone is better for support and protection, while spongy bone aids in shock absorption and houses bone marrow.

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13
Q

type collagen found in cartilage

A

type II

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14
Q

collagen found in blood vessels, skin, and internal organs

A

type III

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15
Q

Porous and lightweight; found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones, containing bone marrow.

A

spongy bone

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16
Q

collgen type found in basement membranes

A

type IV

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17
Q

collagen found in cell surfaces and hair

A

type V

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18
Q

how many bones in human body

A

206

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19
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It provides central support and protection for vital organs

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20
Q

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 including the limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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21
Q

long shaft of a bone

A

diaphysis

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22
Q

flared portion of bone where growth occurs

A

metaphysis

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23
Q

rounded end of bone containing spongy bone and marrow

A

epiphysis

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24
Q

type of fibrous joint where bones are connected by ligaments

A

syndesmosis

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25
cartilaginous joint where bones are connective by hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis
26
structural unit of compact bone
osteon
27
consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves
Haversian system
28
transverse canals in compact bone that connect adjacent Haversian canals, allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass between osteons
Volkman's channels
29
Concentric layers of bone matrix found in compact bone
lamellae
30
Small spaces within the bone matrix that house osteocytes
lacunae
31
stages of how a bone fracture repairs
1. Hematoma formation 2. fibrocarilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling
32
what happens in hematoma formation
Blood clot forms at the fracture site
33
what happens in fibrocarilaginous callus formation
Collagen and cartilage form a soft callus
34
what happens in bony callus formation
Osteoblasts replace the soft callus with hard bone
35
break straight across bone
transverse
36
break occurs at an angle
oblique
37
twisting force causes what kind of fracture
spiral
38
bone breaks into multiple fragments
comminuted
39
incomplete fracture where one side of bone bends
greenstick
40
fracture where bone fragments are driven into each other
impacted
41
failure of a fracture to heal
nonunion
42
healing occurs in an incorrect position
malunion
43
healing is prolonged but eventually completes
delayed union
44
partial dislocation where joint surfraces remain partially in contact
subluxation
45
complete displacement of a joint, leading to loss of articulation
dislocation
46
Injury to muscles or tendons due to overstretching or tearing
strain
47
Injury to ligaments caused by excessive stretching or tearing
sprain
48
conditions resulting from repetitive strain injuries
- carpal tunnel syndrome - tendonitis - bursitis - tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
49
defective bone mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft and weak bones in ADULTS
osteomalacia
50
reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, increasing fracture risk
osteoporosis
51
a bone infection caused by bacteria (commonly Staphylococcus aureus), leading to inflammation, bone necrosis, and impaired healing
osteomyelitis
52
thickened bones that are larger, weaker, less elastic and more brittle
Paget's disease
53
s/s of Paget's disease
- bone pain - fracutres - bone deformities - increased risk of arthritis
54
most causative organisms for Paget's disease
staph
55
primarily affect young adults (20-40 years old) and commonly occur in long bones, particularly around the knee
giant cell tumors
56
s/s of gout
- severe joint pain (often big toe) - redness, swlling, warmth - painful flare-ups triggers by purine rich foods
57
s/s of ankylosing spondylitis
* Chronic back pain and stiffness, especially in the lower back. * Reduced spinal mobility due to fusion of vertebrae. * Morning stiffness that improves with activity. * Pain in the sacroiliac joints. * Forward-stooped posture (advanced cases).
58
s/s of RA
* Symmetric joint pain and swelling. * Morning stiffness lasting >1 hour. * Systemic symptoms (fatigue, weight loss). * Autoimmune disease affecting synovium.
59
s/s of OA
Asymmetric joint pain that worsens with activity. * Morning stiffness lasting <30 minutes. * Bony enlargements (Heberden’s & Bouchard’s nodes). * Degenerative, non-inflammatory
60
s/s of rhabdomyolysis
* Severe muscle pain, weakness. * Dark brown or cola-colored urine (myoglobinuria). * Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels. * Possible kidney damage due to myoglobin buildup. * Electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia)
61
risk factors for osteoporosis
* Corticosteroids (long-term use). * Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). * Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin, phenobarbital). * Excessive thyroid hormone replacement. * Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
62
initial cartilage model in fetal development that later ossifies into bone through endochondral ossification
cartilage anlage
63
bony ring that forms around the diaphysis of long bones during endochondral ossification
periosteal collar
64
Knees remain apart when feet are together
genu varum (bowlegs)
65
Knees touch while feet remain apart
venu valgum (knock-knees)
66
Fusion of two or more fingers or toes
syndactyly
67
extra fingers or toes
polydactyly
68
Clubfoot deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward.
talipes equinovarus (TEV)
69
treatment for talipes equinovarus
Ponseti method (casting, bracing) or surgery in severe cases
70
Flat feet due to low or absent foot arches
pes planus
71
Vitamin D deficiency leads to defective bone mineralization, causing soft, weak bones and skeletal deformities in children
patho of Rickets
72
Permanent curvature due to vertebral abnormalities
sctructural scoliosis
73
Reversible curvature caused by external factors (e.g., muscle spasms, leg length discrepancy).
functional scoliosis
74
manifestations of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Joint swelling, pain, stiffness, fever, rash, eye inflammation (uveitis).
75
commonly affected joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
knees wrists ankles
76
Overuse injury of the patellar tendon at the tibial tuberosity, causing pain and swelling in adolescents.
Osgood-Schlatter disease
77
manifestations of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Hip pain, limping, limited range of motion due to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
78
least progressive form of muscular dystrophy
facioscapulohermal
79
most common bone tumor in children
osteosarcoma
80
What can cause a metaphyseal fracture in children?
- non accidental trauma - growth plate stress injuries
81
Genetic mutation in type I collagen leads to brittle bones, fractures, and skeletal deformities
osteogenesis imperfecta
82
What puts patients at increased risk for developmental dysplasia of the hip?
- breech birth - family hx of hip dysplasia - firstborn female infants - swaddling in an extended position

Patho 551 (9 decks)

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