unit 8 review Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is the role of testosterone in gender development in utero?
Forms male reproductive organs (penis, scrotum, testes) and suppresses female organ development
Testosterone is crucial for the differentiation of male genitalia during fetal development.
What role does estrogen play in female puberty?
- Breast development
- Menstrual cycle regulation
- Fat distribution to hips, buttocks, and thighs
Estrogen is key for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females.
What is the vaginal vestibule?
Area surrounding the vaginal opening containing urethral and Bartholin’s glands
The vestibule plays a role in female genital anatomy.
What is the pH of vaginal secretions? What is its purpose?
- pH: 3.5 - 4.5
- Purpose: Maintains vaginal flora, prevents infections
The acidic environment helps to protect against pathogens.
What cells make up the inside of the cervix?
- Squamous epithelium (ectocervix): site of most squamous cell carcinomas
- Columnar epithelium (endocervix): secretes mucus
These cell types are important for the cervix’s function and health.
What is smegma? Where do you find this?
Sebaceous secretion under the foreskin & clitoral hood
Smegma can accumulate and may require hygiene attention.
What are erectile organs in women?
- Clitoris
- Bulb of the vestibule
- Labia minora
These structures contribute to sexual arousal in females.
What is Spinnbarkeit mucus?
Clear, stretchy cervical mucus during ovulation, facilitating sperm movement
This type of mucus is an indicator of fertility.
What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?
- Maintains uterine lining
- Suppresses contractions
- Supports early fetal development
Progesterone is crucial for sustaining pregnancy.
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
- Follicular phase (days 1-14)
- Ovulation (day 14)
- Luteal phase (days 15-28)
Each phase plays a distinct role in the reproductive cycle.
Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production
role of FSH in follicular phase
What are hormone levels in the menstrual phase?
- Low estrogen and progesterone
- FSH begins to rise
Hormonal changes signal the start of a new menstrual cycle.
What is Inhibin B and its role in ovulation?
- Secreted by dominant follicle
- Suppresses FSH to prevent multiple ovulations
Inhibin B helps regulate the menstrual cycle.
What happens to the ovarian follicle post-ovulation?
- Becomes corpus luteum
- Secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining
The corpus luteum is vital for early pregnancy support.
What is the role of oxytocin in lactation?
Stimulates milk ejection (let-down reflex) from mammary glands during breastfeeding
Oxytocin is crucial for effective breastfeeding.
What are the glands of Montgomery?
Sebaceous glands in the areola that secrete lubrication and antibacterial substances for the nipple
These glands help protect and maintain the health of the nipple.
What are seminal vesicles? What do they do?
Glands behind the bladder that produce a fructose-rich fluid to nourish sperm
This fluid is a key component of semen.
What are Cowper glands?
Bulbourethral glands that secrete a lubricating pre-ejaculate to neutralize acidity in the urethra
This secretion aids in preparing the urethra for sperm passage.
What is the purpose of the glans penis?
Highly sensitive region that aids in sexual arousal and ejaculation
The glans is critical for male sexual function.
Where in the testes are sperm created?
Seminiferous tubules
These tubules are the site of spermatogenesis.
Do men make estrogen?
Yes, men produce small amounts via aromatization of testosterone
Estrogen is important for various physiological functions in men.
What happens to refractory time in males as they get older?
Increases (longer time required for another erection after ejaculation)
This change can affect sexual function in older men.
What are signs and symptoms and manifestations of menopause?
- Hot flashes
- Night sweats
- Mood swings
- Vaginal dryness
- Osteoporosis risk
Menopause brings significant hormonal changes in women.
What is the etiology of varicose veins?
Venous valve dysfunction → Blood pools in veins → Vein distension
Varicose veins can lead to discomfort and complications.
