unit 8 review Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

What is the role of testosterone in gender development in utero?

A

Forms male reproductive organs (penis, scrotum, testes) and suppresses female organ development

Testosterone is crucial for the differentiation of male genitalia during fetal development.

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2
Q

What role does estrogen play in female puberty?

A
  • Breast development
  • Menstrual cycle regulation
  • Fat distribution to hips, buttocks, and thighs

Estrogen is key for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females.

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3
Q

What is the vaginal vestibule?

A

Area surrounding the vaginal opening containing urethral and Bartholin’s glands

The vestibule plays a role in female genital anatomy.

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4
Q

What is the pH of vaginal secretions? What is its purpose?

A
  • pH: 3.5 - 4.5
  • Purpose: Maintains vaginal flora, prevents infections

The acidic environment helps to protect against pathogens.

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5
Q

What cells make up the inside of the cervix?

A
  • Squamous epithelium (ectocervix): site of most squamous cell carcinomas
  • Columnar epithelium (endocervix): secretes mucus

These cell types are important for the cervix’s function and health.

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6
Q

What is smegma? Where do you find this?

A

Sebaceous secretion under the foreskin & clitoral hood

Smegma can accumulate and may require hygiene attention.

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7
Q

What are erectile organs in women?

A
  • Clitoris
  • Bulb of the vestibule
  • Labia minora

These structures contribute to sexual arousal in females.

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8
Q

What is Spinnbarkeit mucus?

A

Clear, stretchy cervical mucus during ovulation, facilitating sperm movement

This type of mucus is an indicator of fertility.

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9
Q

What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?

A
  • Maintains uterine lining
  • Suppresses contractions
  • Supports early fetal development

Progesterone is crucial for sustaining pregnancy.

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10
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Follicular phase (days 1-14)
  • Ovulation (day 14)
  • Luteal phase (days 15-28)

Each phase plays a distinct role in the reproductive cycle.

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11
Q

Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production

A

role of FSH in follicular phase

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12
Q

What are hormone levels in the menstrual phase?

A
  • Low estrogen and progesterone
  • FSH begins to rise

Hormonal changes signal the start of a new menstrual cycle.

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13
Q

What is Inhibin B and its role in ovulation?

A
  • Secreted by dominant follicle
  • Suppresses FSH to prevent multiple ovulations

Inhibin B helps regulate the menstrual cycle.

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14
Q

What happens to the ovarian follicle post-ovulation?

A
  • Becomes corpus luteum
  • Secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining

The corpus luteum is vital for early pregnancy support.

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15
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in lactation?

A

Stimulates milk ejection (let-down reflex) from mammary glands during breastfeeding

Oxytocin is crucial for effective breastfeeding.

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16
Q

What are the glands of Montgomery?

A

Sebaceous glands in the areola that secrete lubrication and antibacterial substances for the nipple

These glands help protect and maintain the health of the nipple.

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17
Q

What are seminal vesicles? What do they do?

A

Glands behind the bladder that produce a fructose-rich fluid to nourish sperm

This fluid is a key component of semen.

18
Q

What are Cowper glands?

A

Bulbourethral glands that secrete a lubricating pre-ejaculate to neutralize acidity in the urethra

This secretion aids in preparing the urethra for sperm passage.

19
Q

What is the purpose of the glans penis?

A

Highly sensitive region that aids in sexual arousal and ejaculation

The glans is critical for male sexual function.

20
Q

Where in the testes are sperm created?

A

Seminiferous tubules

These tubules are the site of spermatogenesis.

21
Q

Do men make estrogen?

A

Yes, men produce small amounts via aromatization of testosterone

Estrogen is important for various physiological functions in men.

22
Q

What happens to refractory time in males as they get older?

A

Increases (longer time required for another erection after ejaculation)

This change can affect sexual function in older men.

23
Q

What are signs and symptoms and manifestations of menopause?

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Night sweats
  • Mood swings
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Osteoporosis risk

Menopause brings significant hormonal changes in women.

24
Q

What is the etiology of varicose veins?

A

Venous valve dysfunction → Blood pools in veins → Vein distension

Varicose veins can lead to discomfort and complications.

25
What are clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency?
* Leg swelling * Skin hyperpigmentation * Venous ulcers * Varicose veins ## Footnote These symptoms indicate poor venous circulation.
26
What is the pathophysiology of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?
Tumor or thrombus obstructs SVC → Facial swelling, jugular vein distension, dyspnea ## Footnote This syndrome can lead to serious complications.
27
What happens to blood flow in coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerosis narrows arteries → Decreased oxygen supply to myocardium → Ischemia ## Footnote This condition can lead to heart attacks and angina.
28
What hormone levels are associated with failure of ovaries?
* High FSH & LH * Low estrogen ## Footnote These hormonal changes indicate ovarian dysfunction.
29
Regulate sodium and potassium balance in the collecting ducts
principal cells
30
Triangular area where ureters enter & urethra exits
trigone of bladder
31
How much blood do kidneys filter?
180 liters/day (125 mL/min GFR).
32
Chronic scarring of renal tubules leading to kidney dysfunction.
tubulointerstitial fibrosis
33
causative association for struvite kidney stones
infection causing alkaline urine
34
signs and symptoms of kidney cancer
Hematuria, flank pain, weight loss, mass in abdomen.
35
s/s of cystitis
Bladder infection, dysuria, urgency.
36
s/s of pyelonephritis
Kidney infection, fever, flank pain.
37
organism causes cystitis
e. coli
38
etiology of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Immune reaction after streptococcal throat infection → Kidney inflammation.
39
signs and symptoms of Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Purpuric rash, joint pain, hematuria, abdominal pain
40
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42
Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis in children
Fever, flank pain, vomiting, irritability