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HS Biology > UNIT 6 Study Guide > Flashcards

UNIT 6 Study Guide Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

SIngle celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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2
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Chemical that Archeal cell walls do not contain

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3
Q

Methanogens

A

Bacteria that convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas.

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4
Q

Halophiles

A

Salt-loving archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

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5
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

Archea that lives in very acidic environments that have very high temperatures

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6
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

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7
Q

Cocci

A

Sphere shaped bacteria

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8
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

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9
Q

Streptococci

A

A group of cocci occurring in a chain

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10
Q

Staphylococci

A

Grapelike clusters of cocci

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11
Q

Capsule

A

Protective layer of the cell, lik a pill capsule

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects the cell and gives the cell it’s shape

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates the types of molecules that move in and out of the cell

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains DNA, ribosomes, and orgenelles

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

Genes that carry information from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Plasmid

A

Carries genes that are transferred through through genetic recombination

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17
Q

Endospore

A

Contains DNA; is thick coated resistant structure

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18
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce with binary fission.

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19
Q

Transformation

A

Occurs when a prokaryote takes in DNA from its outside environment

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20
Q

Conjugation

A

The process of which two prokaryotes bind together and cell transfers dna between them

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21
Q

Transduction

A

When a virus obtains small parts of DNA from a host Prokaryote

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22
Q

Pathology

A

The scientific study of disease

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23
Q

Exotoxins

A

Toxic substances that bacteria secrete into the environment

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24
Q

Endotoxins

A

Toxic substances made of Lipids and carbohydrates

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25
Antibiotic resistance
The evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill
26
zoonosis
A disease that can pass from animals to humans
27
Anthrax
An illness effecting lungs, skin or intestines. Bacteria
28
Botulism
Nerve illness, bacteria
29
Cholera
Intestine illness, bacteria
30
Dental caries
Teeth and gums, bacteria
31
Gonorrhea
Urethra, bacteria
32
Lyme disease
skin, joints, and heart bacteria
33
Food poisoning
Intestine illness, bacteria
34
Tetanus
Nerve cells at synapses, bacteria
35
Staph infection
Skin, soft tissue, lungs, and blood, bacteria
36
Virus
A nonliving particle made up of nucleic acid and protein coat or nucleic acid and lipid protein coat
37
Capsid
the only layer surrounding some viruses
38
Envelope
A bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsids
39
How are viruses characterized
Viruses are classified by whether they have RNA or DNA as their genome and whether their genome is single stranded or double stranded and linear or circular
40
How do Viruses replicate
Viruses enter a host cell and can infect certain prokaryotes and cells and hijacks the mechanisms of the cell to make new viruses
41
Provirus
The inserted viral DNA in a cell by the virus
42
How do DNA viruses replicate
DNA viruses inject their DNA into the host cell, which makes mRNA, which then translate into viral protein, which can form together to make new viruses
43
How do RNA viruses replicate
The virus inserts int's genome directly into the cell, using its own genome as the template for mRNA, which can produce more viral structures
44
bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
45
retroviruses
RNA viruses that contain the enzyme revers transcriptase
46
Reverse transcriptase
Using RNA as a template to make DNA which then inserts into the host cell's genome
47
Prophage
Phage DNA that is integrated into a specific site of the Host cell's chromosome
48
oncogenes
genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction
49
Emerging diseases
Illnesses caused by new or reappearing infectious agents that typically exit in animal populations
50
What are the characteristics of viruses
They are non-living and lack metabolism, cytoplasm, membrane-bound organelles, or Homeostasis
51
What are some virus caused diseases
``` Papoviruses Adenoviruses Herpevirus Poxivirus Picornavirus Orthomyxovirus Retroiruses Coronaviruses ```
52
Vector
An intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite to another organism
53
Protists
SIngle celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom
54
What are the structures of Protists
Protists are made of eukaryotic cells, each containing a nucleus and other organelles. Most protists contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
55
What are the three categories of protists
Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like
56
Binary fission
When a single protist divides into two
57
Flagella
whiplike filaments that move protists through the water
58
amoeboid movement
The process of expelling cytoplasm and absorbing it back into the cell moving forward in the process
59
Cilia
SHort hairlike cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane
60
Pellicle
A clear elastic layer of protien surrounding the cell membrane
61
Oral groove
A mouth like pore that is sorounded by the pellicle which moves food into the mouth pore
62
Mouth pore
The entrance of food into the gullet
63
Gullet
An almost lysomic structure which acts as a sstomach
64
Anal pore
The waste exit point of protists
65
Micronucleus
The smaller nucleus that participates in conjugation
66
algae
Autotrophic protists
67
What are characteristics of fungus
Eukaryotic, nonphoyosynthetic, multicellular heterotrophs
68
What is the structure of fungus
Filiments of fungi called hyphae, and the cell walls of hyphae contain chitin, a polysacharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects.
69
Mycelium
A mat of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus
70
Dimorphism
The ability to exist in two different forms
71
How do Fungi reproduce
Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells. WHen the cells find a suitable enviroment, they begin to germinate Sexually, fungi mate with their oppisite by fusing their hyphae which then scatter froma special structure
72
Septa
Divided sections containing hyphae
73
mycorrhiza
A symbiotic structure formed around plant roots
74
Beneficial fungi
Penicillium, yeast
75
Photoheterotroph
Bacteria that uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms
76
Chemoheterotroph
Obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms
77
Photoautotroph
Uses light energy and gets carbon from Co2
78
Chemoautotroph
extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses Co2 as a carbon source
79
How do Archaea differ from Bacteria
Archaea differ in the makeup of their cell walls. They also differ in their membrane lipids as well as their genetics and metabolisms
80
Obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live in environments with oxygen
81
Amebiasis
Severe diarrhea, fever- protist
82
Sleeping Sickness
Swollen Lymph nodes, severe headaches - protist
83
Leishmaniasis
Skin sores, swollen glands, fever- Protist
84
Malaria
Protist carried by mosquitoes that can cause severe chills, headaches, and fatigue
85
Athlete's foot
fluid filled blisters, scaly skin, itching -fungus
86
Ringworm
Ring shaped skin lesion- fungus
87
Candidiasis
Burning sensation, itching, thick discharge- fungus
88
Tinea cruris (Jock itch)
Intense itching, ring shaped lesions- fungus
89
Histoplasmosis
Fever, chills headache, body ache - fungus
90
What are the 5 main categories of bacteria
Proteobacteria, Gram- positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes, Chlamydia (P.G.C.S.C- Poor Ganandorf Cant Save Chrom)

HS Biology (10 decks)

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