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A&P 2 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

BLOOD FILTRATION: location and function

A

Location: glomerulus

Remove waste products from blood

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2
Q

REABSORPTION: location and function

A

Location: nephron

Recover nutrients, ions, H2O

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3
Q

SECRETION: location and function

A

Location: nephron

Assists filtration by removing waste products directly from blood

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4
Q

ACTIVATION: Vitamin D

A
  • Dehydrocholesterol → vitamin D3 by ultraviolet (UV) light @skin
  • Vitamin D3 → calcitriol @kidney
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5
Q

Location where Calcitriol ↑Ca++ deposition

A

@bone

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6
Q

Location where Calcitriol ↑Ca++ reabsorption

A

@kidneys

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7
Q

Location where Calcitriol ↑Ca++ absorption

A

@small intestines

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8
Q

ENZYME RELEASE: Renin

location what does renin converts to

A
  • Location: kidneys

- Renin converts Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II

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9
Q

Function of Angiotensin II

A
  • vasoconstricts (↑blood pressure)

- Causes aldosterone (hormone) release (adrenal cortex) which stimulates DCT to reabsorb salt, H2O follows the salt

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10
Q

AUTOREGULATORY LIPID RELEASE: Prostaglandins

location and function

A
  • Location: kidneys

- Prostaglandins: vasodilate (↓blood pressure)

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11
Q

H+ SECRETION:

A
  • Eliminates excess hydrogen ions

- Controls acid/base (pH) balance

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12
Q

HCO3– REABSORPTION:

A
  • Recovers bicarbonate ions

- Controls acid/base (pH) balance

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13
Q

HORMONE RELEASE: Erythropoietin (EPO) (location and function)

A

Location: kidneys

EPO ↑RBC production (bone marrow)

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14
Q

Function of Renal Artery:

A

Transports ↑O2 blood from aorta → kidney (filtration)

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15
Q

Function of Renal Vein:

A

Transports filtered ↓O2 blood from kidney → inferior vena cava

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16
Q

Function of Renal Column:

A
  • Area between renal pyramids (medulla)

- Site for blood vessel passage to the cortex

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17
Q

Function of Nephron:

A
  • Kidney FUNCTIONAL UNIT

- Filtration, reabsorption, & secretion

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18
Q

Function of Capsule:

A
  • Thick outer membrane

- Surround & protect

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19
Q

Function of Cortex:

A
  • Outer layer
  • Contains most of the nephron
  • Filtration, reabsorption & secretion
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20
Q

Function of Medulla:

A
  • Inner layer
  • Nephron structures not located in cortex
  • Salt, water & urea reabsorption
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21
Q

Function of Renal Pyramids:

A
  • Triangle-shape

- Loops of Henle, collecting ducts, & counter-current multiplier system (concentrates salt & saves water)

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22
Q

Function of Renal Papilla:

A
  • Renal pyramid apex

- Releases urine → minor calyx

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23
Q

Function of Minor Calyx:

A
  • Collecting sac surrounding papilla

- Transports urine from papilla → major calyx

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24
Q

Function of Major Calyx:

A
  • Collecting sac

- Transport urine from minor calyces → pelvis

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25
Function of Renal Pelvis
Collects urine from major calyces → ureter
26
Function of Ureter
Transport urine from renal pelvis → bladder
27
Function of Urinary bladder:
- Stores urine from ureter | - Releases urine → urethra
28
Function of Urethra:
Releases urine → outside
29
Function of Afferent Arteriole:
Transports arterial blood → glomerulus (filtration)
30
Function of Efferent Arteriole:
Transports filtered blood from glomerulus → peritubular capillaries & vasa recta → renal venous system
31
Function of Glomerulus:
- Blood filtration - Nonspecific filter - Removes both useful & non-useful materials into filtrate
32
Function of Bowman’s Capsule:
- Sac that encloses glomerulus | - Transfers filtrate from glomerulus → Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
33
Function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
- Reabsorbs most of the useful substances in the filtrate: Na+ (65%), H2O (65%), HCO3– (90%), Cl– (50%), glucose (100%) - Primary site for secretion of toxins, wastes & hydrogen ions (H+)
34
Function of Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle (DLLH):
- Counter-current multiplier system - Permeable to H2O - Impermeable to solutes (salts) - Receives filtrate from the PCT; allows H2O to be reabsorbed; sends “salty” filtrate to ALLH; “Saves water & passes salt”
35
Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle (ALLH):
- Counter-current multiplier system - Impermeable to H2O - Permeable to salts - Actively transports (reabsorbs) salts (NaCl) into the interstitial fluid of the medulla; “Saves salt & passes water” - Filtrate becomes dilute; interstitial fluid of medulla becomes hyperosmotic (salty)
36
Function of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT):
- Receives dilute fluid from ALLH | - If Aldosterone (hormone) is present, sodium is reabsorbed, (Cl– & H2O follow Na+); Potassium (K+) is se
37
Function Collecting Duct:
- Receives fluid from DCT - If antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present, collecting duct becomes porous to water - Collecting duct H2O moves (osmosis) to the “salty” (hyperosmotic) medulla
38
Where is the LAST CHANCE to save water?
The collecting duct
39
Function of Peritubular Capillaries:
Transport reabsorbed materials from PCT & DCT → renal veins
40
Function of Vasa recta:
- Blood vessels of the peritubular capillary network | - Surround descending & ascending loops of Henle
41
Filtration Structures of Glomerulus:
-Filtration site Screen-like: -Fenestrated glomerular capillaries (podocytes w/ pedicels) -Allows passage of H2O & solutes smaller than plasma proteins
42
Net filtration pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
60 mm Hg (out)
43
Net filtration of colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
-32 mm Hg (in)
44
Net filtration of capsular pressure (CP)
-18 mm Hg (in)
45
Total net filtration pressure (NFP)
10 mm Hg
46
What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) contain?
- Macula densa cells (DCT) | - Granular cells (afferent arteriole)
47
Function of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
maintain blood pressure
48
What does Granular cells detect and release?
detect ↓pressure; release renin
49
What does Renin convert?
Renin converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I → angiotensin II
50
What does Macula dense monitors?
blood salt
51
What does macula dense do when high blood salt content occurs?
- macula densa inhibits granular cells - Inhibits renin release, which - Inhibits Angiotensin II (causing vasodilation & ↓blood pressure) - Aldosterone inhibited (↓blood volume & ↓blood pressure)
52
Summary of Granular cells
↑Blood volume & ↑BP
53
Summary of Macula Densa
(inhibit granular cells) | ↓Blood volume & ↓BP
54
Ascending limb of loop of Henle (ALLH): (counter-current mechanism)
- Reabsorbs salt (active transport) → interstitial tissue of the medulla - Makes medulla hyperosmotic (salty)
55
What leaves Ascending limb of loop of Henle (ALLH) during counter-current mechanism
Salt (NaCl)
56
Osmolarity of Ascending limb of loop of Henle (ALLH) fluids
Osmolality of ALLH fluid decreases from 1200 to 100 milliosmoles/L (mOsm/L) - ALLH is impermeable to H2O - Remove salt from filtrate - Accumulate salt in medulla
57
Accumulated salt in medulla is used to “draw-out” water (osmosis) from:
1) DLLH (H2O permeable, salt impermeable) | 2) Collecting duct
58
Is DLLH permeable to H20?
- DLLH is H2O permeable & loses H2O to the medullary interstitial tissue - H2O is reabsorbed by medullary blood vessels - Osmolality of DLLH fluid changes from 300 to 1200 mOsm/L - Saves H2O
59
Where does ALLH transfer salt into?
- ALLH actively transfers salt into medulla | - Medullary salts attract H2O out of DLLH
60
Hyperosmotic (salty) medulla
- Hyperosmotic (salty) medulla will also “pull-out” H2O from the collecting duct if ADH (hormone) is present - H2O moves out of collecting duct (urea follows) - Urea contributes to ↑osmolality of the medulla
61
What makes ADH?
Hypothalamus
62
Where is ADH stored and causes?
- ADH stored in posterior pituitary & released (if dehydration) - ADH causes collecting duct “pores” to open - H2O moves from collecting duct → medulla
63
As H2O leaves the collecting duct:
- Collecting duct fluid becomes more concentrated (↑osmolality of collecting duct fluid 100 to 1200 mOsm/L) - If ADH is not present, H2O is lost in dilute collecting duct fluid (100 mOsm/L)
64
Vasa recta is permeable to:
salts and water
65
How does vasa recta vessels flow?
- flow counter-current to loop of Henle fluid (counter-current exchange) - Blood flowing through vasa recta absorbs H2O (not salts) - Vasa recta return H2O back to body & leave salts (maintain hyperosmotic medulla)
66
Equation of excretion and why does the difference mean?
- Excretion = Filtration – Reabsorption | - Difference between filtration & reabsorption determines how much of a substance kidneys eliminate per unit of time
67
Filtration: 16 grams of NaCl per day Reabsorption: 14 grams of NaCl per day WHAT IS THE EXCRETION?
``` Excretion: 2 grams of NaCl per day Amount Excreted = Amount Filtered – Amount Reabsorbed 2g NaCl/day = 16g NaCl/day – 14g NaCl/day ```
68
_______________ = 100g of glucose – 100g of glucose | Find the missing value
0.0g
69
100g of glucose = _____________ – 300g of glucose | Find the missing value
400g
70
200g of glucose = 400g of glucose – _____________ | Find the missing value
200g
71
Renal Plasma Clearance Rate (RPCR) definition
amount of plasma cleared of a substance per minute
72
Kidneys conduct clearance through:
- Filtration - Reabsorption - Secretion
73
How does filtration affect clearance?
- Filtration directly affects clearance | - ↑Filtration → ↑material removed from blood plasma
74
How does reabsorption affect clearance
- Reabsorption indirectly affects clearance | - ↑Reabsorption → ↓material removed from blood plasma
75
How does secretion affect clearance
- Secretion directly affects clearance | - ↑Secretion → ↑material removed from blood plasma
76
C = (V x U) ÷ P | What does the C mean?
C = clearance rate (mL/min)
77
C = (V x U) ÷ P | What does the V mean?
V = urine production rate (mL/min)
78
C = (V x U) ÷ P | What does the U mean?
U = substance conc. in urine (mg/mL)
79
C = (V x U) ÷ P | What does the P mean?
P = substance conc. in plasma (mg/mL)
80
After a dose of inulin, urine has 30 mg/mL & plasma has 0.5 mg/mL of inulin (urine production rate (V) is 2.0 mL/min) What is inulin clearance rate? C = (V x U) ÷ P
120 mL/min of inulin | 120 mL/min = (2 mL/min x 30 mg/mL) ÷ 0.5 mg/mL
81
Renal calculi (kidney stones) cause and effect:
- Cause: crystallization of calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), uric acid salts - Precipitate w/in renal pelvis - Calculi become large & travel down the ureter - Effect: intense pain radiates from lower back to anterior abdominal wall (same side as renal calculus)
82
Cystitis (bladder infection) cause and effect:
- Cause: bacteria from anal region, sexually transmitted disease (STD), & chemicals - Effect: inflammation, pain, fever, ↑urination
83
Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease) cause and effect
- Cause: abnormal immune response (autoimmune) - Inflammation of glomeruli - Streptococcal antibody complexes - Effect: abnormal filtration, renal failure
84
Incontinence cause and effect:
- Cause: old age, emotions (laughing), pregnancy, nerve damage, stress, excessive coughing - Effect: loss of voluntary micturition
85
Gout (Gouty Arthritis) cause and effect:
- Cause: uric acid crystals in the soft tissues of joints (base of great toe) - ↑Uric acid intake - ↓Uric acid excretion (genetic) - Effect: bone ends fuse & immobilize the joint * **Note: humans, apes, dalmatians lack enzyme uricase (breaks down uric acid)
86
Gouty Arthritis Treatment
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - Avoid foods rich in organ tissue (liver, kidney, etc.) - Recommendation: avoid processed meats, & organ meats rich in nucleic acids (purines)
87
Hemodialysis uses a ________ to transfer a patient’s blood plasma through a _____________ tube (permeable to selected substances)
machine, semi-permeable
88
Dialysis machine contains a dialysis fluid that produces a ________ gradient (↑ to ↓)
diffusion
89
Gradient allows abnormal substances to diffuse from blood plasma (produces a “________” effect)
cleansing
90
Def of dialysis
process to artificially remove metabolic wastes from blood plasma
91
What does dialysis therapy compensate for renal failure lead to?
- ↑Nitrogenous wastes (urea & ammonia) - Ion imbalances - pH imbalances - Breathing imbalances - Convulsions - Coma - Death
92
Key Aspects of dialysis therapy
- Blood is transferred from an artery (arm) - Blood returns to a vein - Blood is heparinized (prevent clotting) - Dialysis sessions 3 times/week - Each session = 4-8hrs - Can lead to thrombosis (blood clots), infection & death of tissue (necrosis) around a shunt (access site in arm)

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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