Unit 9 Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Function of Penis
A
Urination & copulation
2
Q
Male Urethra Functions
A
Transport urine & semen
3
Q
Scrotum Function
A
Maintain temperature of testes 2-30 C below body (core) temperature
4
Q
Testis Function
A
Produce spermatozoa & testosterone
5
Q
Seminiferous Tubules Function
A
Produce spermatozoa
6
Q
Epididymis Function
A
Spermatozoa storage & maturation
7
Q
Vas Deferens Function
A
Transport spermatozoa to urethra
8
Q
Seminal Vesicles Function
A
Produce 60% of alkaline semen & fructose
9
Q
Prostate Function
A
Produces: ⅓ of semen, nutrients & enzymes to activate spermatozoa
10
Q
Bulbourethral Glands of Cowper Function
A
Secrete mucus + alkaline buffers to neutralize male urethral acidic pH & female vaginal acidic pH
11
Q
Vagina Function
A
Receives penis & semen; birth canal; passageway for menstrual flow
12
Q
Uterus Function
A
Passageway for sperm + blastocyst; nourish fetus; expel fetus during labor
13
Q
Cervix Function
A
Secretes mucus to block the cervical canal (uterine entrance)
14
Q
Endometrium Function
A
Uterine lining; pre-embryo implantation; degraded during menstruation
15
Q
Myometrium Function
A
Smooth muscle contractions during parturition (labor & delivery)
16
Q
Fallopian Tubes/Oviducts Function
A
Passageway for oocyte + spermatozoa; normal fertilization site (distal ⅓ oviduct)
17
Q
Ovaries Function
A
Produce oocytes + estrogen + progesterone (hormones) for cycle control
18
Q
Fimbria Function
A
Cover ovarian surface to draw oocyte into oviduct after ovulation
19
Q
Mitosis (Nuclear Division)
A
- Used by many body cells
- Growth, replacement, repair
- No change in chromosome number (46)
20
Q
Mitosis: diploid (2n) or haploid (n)
A
Diploid (2n)
21
Q
Meiosis (Reduction Division)
A
- Only in gonads (gamete production)
- Synapsis & shuffling of genetic information provides variation
- Reduction in number of chromosomes from 46 (diploid/2n) to 23 (haploid/1n)
22
Q
Meiosis: diploid (2n) or haploid (n)
A
haploid (n)
23
Q
Direct Gene Activation:
A
- Steroid hormones (lipid/nonpolar) diffuse through cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
- Hormone binds to intracellular receptor
- Activated receptor binds w/ gene & turns it on or off (stimulate or inhibit function)
24
Q
Second Messenger Systems:
A
- Protein-based hormones (polar)
- Cannot pass through cell membrane
- Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor
- Activates membrane proteins producing cAMP
- cAMP acts as a second messenger inside cell to activates kinase
- Kinase causes the cell response
25
How is Direct gene activated?
steroid hormones
26
How is Second Messenger System activated?
protein-based hormones
27
Source, Target, and Function of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH):
-Source: Hypothalamus
-Target: Anterior Pituitary
-Function:
Stimulate production & release of FSH + LH by the anterior pituitary
28
Source, Target, and Function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (female)
-Source: Anterior Pituitary
-Target: Ovaries
-Function:
Stimulate follicle cell growth & maturation
Stimulate estrogen production by follicle cells
29
Source, Target, and Function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (male)
-Source: Anterior Pituitary
-Target: Seminiferous Tubules
-Function:
Stimulate spermatozoa production (spermatogenesis) by maintaining Sertoli cell health in the seminiferous tubule wall
30
Source, Target, and Function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Source: Anterior Pituitary
- Target: Ovaries
- Function:
* Stimulate primary oocytes to complete 1st meiotic division & become the secondary oocyte
* Stimulate ovulation of the oocyte
* Transforms ruptured follicle (follicle cells) → corpus luteum (yellow body)
* Stimulate estrogen & progesterone production @corpus luteum
31
Source, Target, and Function of Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
- Source: Anterior Pituitary
- Target: Seminiferous Tubules
- Function:
* Stimulate spermatozoan production (spermatogenesis)
* Stimulate interstitial cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone
32
Sources of Estrogen
Follicle cells, Corpus Luteum, Placenta
33
Estrogen at the body cells function:
Stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics
34
Estrogen at the uterus:
Stimulate 1st & 2nd half of cycle
35
Estrogen at the ovaries:
stimulate oogenesis
36
Estrogen at the mammary glands:
Stimulate growth of ducts & alveoli
37
Sources of Progesterone
Corpus Luteum & Placenta
38
Progesterone at the mammary glands
Stimulate development of alveoli (milk production)
39
Progesterone at the uterus
Stimulate endometrium & blood vessel growth
40
What blocks progesterone?
RU-486 (chemical abortion)
41
Source of Testosterone
Interstitial cells of Leydig
42
Testosterone at the body cells:
- Stimulate male secondary sex characteristics
- Develop genitalia, bone & muscle
- Male hair growth patterns
- ↑RBC production & metabolic rate
43
Testosterone at the seminiferous tubules
Maintain spermatogenesis
44
Source of oxytocin
Hypothalamus (stored & released by posterior pituitary)
45
Oxytocin at the uterus
Stimulate uterine smooth muscle contractions (causing parturition)
46
Oxytocin at the mammary glands
Stimulate lactiferous duct smooth muscle (release milk)
47
Source of Prolactin
Anterior Pituitary
48
Prolactin at the mammary glands
Stimulate lactiferous alveoli (produce milk)
49
Source of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
rophoblast cells of blastocyst & chorion
50
hCG at the corpus luteum
- Maintains corpus luteum so that it produces estrogen & progesterone (absence of LH) through 1st 10 wks of pregnancy
- Placenta later produces enough estrogen & progesterone to maintain endometrium…hCG mimics LH
51
Spermatogenesis-
| Production:
male gametes (spermatozoa)
52
Location of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules of the testes
53
Process of spermatogenesis (mitosis or meiosis)
meiosis
54
Spermatogenesis time length
puberty until death
55
Spermatogenesis numbers
4 million per day
56
Oogenesis production
female gametes (oocytes)
57
Location of oogenesis
follicles of the ovaries
58
Oogenesis process (mitosis or meiosis)
Meiosis
59
oogenesis length of time
puberty until menopause
60
oogenesis numbers
1 oocyte ovulated per ovarian cycle (28 days)
61
How many spermatozoa during spermatogenesis?
23
62
How many polar body during oogenesis?
23
63
What does Hypothalamus produce?
GnRH
64
Function of the Hypothalamus?
- Stimulates FSH production (anterior pituitary)
* Starts ovarian cycle
- Stimulates LH production (anterior pituitary)
* Maintains ovarian cycle
65
What does Anterior Pituitary produce?
FSH and LH
66
What is the function of FSH from the Anterior pituitary?
- ↑Follicle growth & maturation
- ↑Estrogen
- ↑Spermatozoan production (♂)
67
What is the function of LH from the Anterior pituitary?
- Stimulates oogenesis
- Causes ovulation
- ↑Estrogen & ↑progesterone synthesis
68
Def of Spermatogonium:
Primordial stem cell in seminiferous tubules of testes (spermatozoan production)
69
Def of Oogonium:
Primordial stem cell in ovaries (primary oocyte production)
70
Def of Follicle:
Ovarian structure containing an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells (estrogen production)
71
Def of Mitosis:
Process → nucleus of a body cell divides to produce identical daughter cells (growth & repair)
72
Def go Meiosis:
Process → gamete formation w/ half the normal chromosome number (sexual reproduction)
73
Def of Oocyte:
Female gamete which has completed meiotic divisions (haploid)
74
Def of Spermatozoan:
Male gamete which has completed meiotic divisions (haploid)
75
Def of fertilization:
Fusion of haploid (1n) male & female gametes to form a diploid (2n) zygote
76
Def of Polar Bodies:
Nonfunctional & nonviable haploid female cells w/ ↓cytoplasm (produced during meiosis)
77
Def of hormone:
Chemical messenger released to blood (regulates cell function)
78
Def of semen:
Mixture of spermatozoa & fluids from ♂ reproductive glands that supplies energy & neutralizes acidic pH in reproductive tracts (activates spermatozoa)
79
Def of hyaluronidase:
Spermatozoan acrosomal enzyme that allows union of male & female gametes
80
Normal volume of ejaculate
1 - 5 mL
- 60-150 million spermatozoa/mL
- 60-750 million spermatozoa/ejaculate
81
Spermatozoan count of <20 million/mL =
Oligospermia (low sperm count)
- Associated w/ ↓fertility & caused by heat, lead, arsenic, drugs, marijuana (THC), cocaine & anabolic steroids
- Spermatozoa are viable in the ♀ reproductive tract for 3-7 days
82
How many oogonia are produced during the 5th month of gestation?
7 million
| -Production of new oogonia then stops…forever!
83
What does oogonia become?
Oogonia become 1o oocytes & begin Meiosis I (meiosis is arrested at Prophase I)
84
How many 1 oocytes remain at birth?
2 million
85
How many 1 oocytes remain at puberty?
400,00
86
About ____ of the 400,000 1o oocytes are ovulated (1/1000), (.1%) during the reproductive years. All others (________) deteriorate (____%)
400
399,600
99.9%
87
What does hypothalamus release during the ovarian cycle?
GnRH
88
What does GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ?
FSH
89
What does FSH stimulates follicle cells to grow & produce ?
estrogen
90
↑Estrogen → anterior pituitary → ___
↑LH
91
What does ↑Estrogen cause?
↑Estrogen causes LH to be released in a burst (spike) & endometrium grows
92
What does ↑LH stimulate?
↑LH stimulates 1st meiotic division of primary oocyte
93
What does ↑LH?
- ↑LH causes ovulation
| - ↑LH causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum
94
What does corpus luteum produce?
estrogen & progesterone (endometrium grows)
95
What does estrogen and progesterone lower?
↓FSH & ↓LH production
96
What does ↓LH cause
corpus luteum to atrophy & produce ↓estrogen & ↓progesterone (hormonal crash)
97
What does ↓Estrogen & ↓progesterone cause?
endometrium to disrupt (menstruation)
98
What does ↓FSH cause?
a new cycle to begin
99
If pregnancy occurs, what does ↓estrogen & progesterone (corpus luteum deterioration) cause
endometrium to disrupt (menstruation) & terminate a pregnancy
100
If pregnancy occurs, what does blastocyst make?
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain corpus luteum (in the absence of LH) for the 1st 10 weeks of development
101
What does hCG mimic?
LH
102
Placenta (eventually) produces enough _______ & _________ to maintain the endometrium thickness
estrogen, progesterone
103
Oral contraceptive:
- contains synthetic estrogen & progesterone
- Taken daily for 3 wks after a menstrual period
* Pill mimics Corpus Luteum effects (body thinks it is pregnant)
* Placebo pills are taken in the 4th week to permit menstruation (optional?)
104
Rhythm method
- daily measurement of oral Basal Body Temperature (BBT) upon awakening
* Ovarian steroids cause BBT changes
* ↓E on the day of LH peak causes a ↓BBT
* ↑P on the day after LH peak causes ↑BBT for the rest of the luteal phase
105
Menopause
- Cessation of ovarian activity & menstruation @50 yrs of age
- Ovaries are depleted of follicles
- No follicles...no estrogen
106
Menopause with ↓Estrogen causes:
- Hot flashes
- Osteoporosis
- ↑Atherosclerosis (arterial plaque formation)
- ↑M.I. (heart attack) risk
- ↑C.V.A. (stroke) risk
107
Def of zygote
Fertilized oocyte (diploid/2n)
108
Def of cleavage:
-Mitotic divisions of zygote
-Process used to double number of cells in a pre-embryo w/ each division
2-cell →4-cell → 8-cell stages
109
Def of morula:
- 16-cell cluster of pre--embryonic cells
| - Produced by cleavage
110
Function of blastocyst
Fluid-filled ball of cells formed from the morula (implants in the endometrium)
111
Function of inner cell mass
Cells inside blastocyst (3 primary stem cell layers)
112
Function of trophoblast cells
- Form blastocyst outer wall (becomes chorion)
| - Make hCG (mimics LH)
113
Def and function of Chorionic Villi:
- Finger-like trophoblast cell extensions anchored into endometrium
- Forms fetal portion of placenta
114
Def and function of chorion
- Outermost embryonic membrane
- Forms placenta
- Produces hCG
115
Def and function of amnion
- Innermost embryonic membrane
- Forms amniotic cavity
- Makes amniotic fluid
116
Def and function of amniotic fluid
- Protects embryo/fetus from trauma
| - Permits free movement
117
Def and function of yolk sac
Provides early nutrients & RBCs
118
36 hrs after fertilization, zygote divides by mitosis (_______)
2 cells→4 cells→8 cells
cleavage
119
60 hrs after fertilization, pre-embryo develops into a 16 cell ________
Enters uterus 3 days after fertilization
morula
120
Morula becomes a _______
| Implants on 6th day after fertilization
blastocyst
121
Blastocyst inner cell mass → ________
embryo
122
Trophoblast cell enzymes allow the blastocyst to digest into endometrium
____% of all lost pregnancies result from spontaneous abortions
Due to a ______________
75%, failure to implant
123
Amniocentesis
- Performed at 16 weeks of development
- Amniotic fluid has cells shed from fetus
- Genetic abnormalities are detected
- Fluid aspiration (amniocentesis)
- Examination of chromosomes from cells (karyotype)
124
Placental Exchange
- Embryo/fetus: given immunological privilege
- Protected from rejection
- Gas, nutrients & wastes are exchanged w/o blood mixing
125
Placental Hormones:
| What does hCG mimic?
Lh and TSH
126
Placental Hormones: What does hCS mimic?
hGH and prolactin
127
What does hGH cause?
diabetic-like effect (gestational diabetes)
- ↑Blood glucose → polyuria
- Guarantees ↑glucose for embryo/fetus
128
Placenta secretes ________ & __________ from precursors supplied by fetus & mother
↑estrogen, ↑progesterone
129
def of labor
physical work necessary to expel the fetus during childbirth
130
Describe labor
- Uterine smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by oxytocin & prostaglandins
- Hypothalamus → posterior pituitary → oxytocin
- Uterus → prostaglandins
131
Labor may start w/ ______
| _______(↑cortisol) may induce labor prematurely
↑cortisol, ↑Stress
132
Name the 3 primary germ layers form (week 3)
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
133
Ectoderm Derivatives
- Nervous system
- Cornea & lens of the eye
- Skin, hair, nails
- Tooth enamel
134
Endoderm Derivatives
- Epithelium of: digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
- Liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus
135
Mesoderm Derivatives
- Muscle
- Connective tissue
- Bone marrow & blood
- Blood vessel & lymphatic vessel endothelium
- Kidneys, gonads
136
Developmental Timing of Pre-embryo
Week 0 → 3
137
Developmental Timing of Embryo
Week 3 → 8
138
Developmental Timing of Fetus
Week 8 → full term
139
What does hypothalamus produce
oxytocin (hormone)
140
Function of Posterior of Pituitary
- Stores & releases oxytocin
- ↑Uterine smooth muscle contractions during parturition
- ↑Mammary gland smooth muscle contractions to eject milk
141
Function of Anterior Pituitary:
- Produces prolactin (hormone)
| - ↑Milk production
142
What does nursing cause?
neuroendocrine reflex
143
What is released during nursing?
Prolactin & oxytocin are released
144
What does frequent nursing delay?
menstruation
145
Breastfeeding ↓FSH
Prevents oocyte development
146
Breastfeeding ↓LH
Prevents ovulation
147
T or F: Infant immune system is not well-developed until months after delivery
TRUE
148
IgG (Immunoglobulin G) (mother) crosses placenta
| -Passive immunity (up to ___ months post- delivery)
12
149
```
IgA (Immunoglobulin A) (lactation)
Passive immunity (up to age __ yrs)
```
4
150
Placental Nutrients
Vitamins, minerals, glucose, O2
151
Fetal-Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Growth retardation
- Mental retardation
- Anatomical abnormalities
- ↑Birth defects
- Speech impairment
- Hearing impairment
- Learning, memory & attention deficits
152
Placental - Waste Products
Urea, CO2
153
Placental Function: Smoking
Nicotine, ↑CO, ↑CO2, ↓O2
154
Smoking During Pregnancy: Risks
- ↑Ectopic pregnancy
- ↑Placenta previa
- ↑Abruptio placenta
- ↓Birth weight
- ↑Premature delivery
- ↑Cleft lip/palate
- ↑Sudden Infant Death -Syndrome (SIDS)
- ↓Fetal development
155
Placental Function - Drugs
Antibiotics, cocaine, nicotine
156
Effects of Irradiation during pregnancy
- X-rays
- Gamma-rays
- Directly or indirectly affect DNA
* Mutations
- Breaks chromosomes
* Causes information deletions
157
Def Placenta Abruptio
Placental separation before delivery
158
Causes of Placenta Abruptio
- Abdominal trauma
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus
- Tobacco & alcohol use
159
Def Placenta Previa
Placental growth next to opening of the uterine cervical canal
160
Risk Factors of Placenta Previa
- Prior placenta previa pregnancies
| - Multiple pregnancies (twins/triplets)
161
Symptoms of Placenta Previa
sudden bleeding (painless)
162
Def of Ectopic Pregnancy
Blastocyst implanted outside of uterus
163
Causes of Ectopic Pregnancy
- Partial uterine tube blockage
* Uterine tube scarring from infection (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
* Unsuccessful tubal ligation reversal
164
Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy
- Abdominal or pelvic pain w/ bleeding
| - Unilateral pelvic cramping
165
Gonorrhea
-Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission:
-Sexual contact w/ infected person
-Contact w/ the bacterium in the birth canal of an infected mother
166
Pathology of Gonorrhea
Pathology: Urinary & reproductive tract inflammation, painful urination w/ purulent (pus) discharge, abdominal pain, pelvic inflammatory disease in ♀, sterility
167
Gonorrhea Newborn congenital effects
Conjunctivitis & blindness
168
Gonorrhea Treatment
- Antibiotics
| - Silver Nitrate in eyes of infants
169
Syphilis
-Bacterium: Treponema pallidum
Transmission:
-Sexual contact w/ infected person
-Contact w/ the bacterium in the birth canal of an infected mother
170
Risks of syphilis
Involvement of the cardiovascular & nervous systems
Lesions develop in infected tissues
Death may eventually occur
171
Treatment of Syphilis
Antibiotics
172
Congenital Syphilis
- Transplacental transmission
| - Stillborn, skin lesions, deafness, impaired vision, tooth & skeletal deformities
173
What is the most prevalent STD in the U.S.?
Chlamydia
174
Bacteria of and treatment for Chlamydia
- Bacterial Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis
| - Treatment: Antibiotics
175
Pathology of Chlamydia
- Pathology: urethritis w/ reproductive tract complications (80% asymptomatic)
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy
176
Pathogen of Genital Herpes
Pathogen: Herpes Simplex Virus (Type II)
177
Risks of Genital Herpes
- Lesions occur on & around genitalia
- Lesions are recurrent & painful
- ↑Cervical cancer risk (50% mortality rate)
178
How is Genial Herpes transmitted?
- Transmission from lesion secretions
| - Transplacental transmission to fetus
179
Treatment of Genital Herpes
Treatment: Acyclovir (anti-viral)
