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A&P 2 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotonic Solutions Percent Salt:

A

0.9% NaCl

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2
Q

Isotonic Solutions Other names

A
  • D5W (5% dextrose)
  • Saline, NS, PS, PSS
  • Ringer’s
  • Lactated Ringer’s
  • Milliosmoles: 300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)
  • Milliequivalents: 325 milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L)
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3
Q

Hypertonic Solutions Percent Salt:

A

> 0.9% NaCl

  • Milliosmoles: >300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)
  • Milliequivalents: >325 milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L)
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4
Q

Hypertonic Solutions other name

A

D10W (>5% dextrose)

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5
Q

Hypotonic Solutions Percent Salt

A

<300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)

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6
Q

Hypotonic Solutions other name

A

D2W (<5% dextrose)

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7
Q

Definition of osmosis

A

H2O moves toward the region of higher solute concentration

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8
Q

Isotonic Solution movement:

A
  • causes no net water movement (cell is in equilibrium)

- cells in an isotonic solution show no change in size & function

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9
Q

Hypertonic Solution movement:

A
  • draws H2O out of the cell

- cells crenate in a hypertonic solution; size + function both decrease

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10
Q

Hypotonic Solution movement:

A
  • draws H2O into the cell

- cells in a hypotonic solution swell & may lyse; size increases, function decreases

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11
Q

Blood sodium levels drop from 325 mEq/L to 124 mEq/L

What is the danger?

A

-↓Sodium in the blood allows H2O to move into cells (osmosis)
-Less fluid in blood
-↓Blood volume
-↓Blood pressure
To correct this:
↑Heart rate will ↑blood pressure

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12
Q

What does electrolytes ionize into?

A

particles

Ex: NaCl –> Na+ + Cl-

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13
Q

Does glucose ionize?

A

Nonelectrolytes (Glucose), do not ionize

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14
Q

Organs That Regulate Fluid & Electrolyte Balance:

A

Brain, Adrenal Glands, Kidneys

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15
Q

List the steps of the thirst mechanism

A

DECREASED ECF VOLUME OR INCREASED ECF OSMOLALITY —>HYPOTHALAMUS—-> ↓SALIVA —->THIRST—>DRINK—>↑ ECF VOLUME

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16
Q

About Aldosterone

A

-Hormone (mineralocorticoid)
-Secreted by: adrenal cortex
-Stimulates kidneys to:
Reabsorb Na+, Cl–, H2O
Secrete K+

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17
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Female hormone from the ovaries mimics aldosterone
  • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium, chloride, water
  • ↑Fluid retention (edema)
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18
Q

How does estrogen affect calcium?

A

Calcium Moves Into Bone

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19
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Hormone (glucocorticoid) from the adrenal cortex that mimics aldosterone
  • Converts lipids & protein to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • Anti-inflammatory (vasoconstrictor)
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20
Q

What does ↑Cortisol causes:

A

Edema, ↑visceral fat deposition, ↓memory storage, ↓memory retrieval

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21
Q

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?

A

Saves water at the collecting duct

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22
Q

Calcitonin Increases! In which direction will calcium move?

A

blood —> bone

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23
Q

Parathyroid Hormone Increases! In which direction will calcium move?

A

bone —> blood

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24
Q

A person is in the hot sun for many hours resulting in water lost through perspiration
How does the body maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Hypothalamus makes ↑Aldosterone & ↑ADH
  • Kidneys produce ↓urine
  • Hypothalamus will cause ↑thirst (thirst center)
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25
A person urinates many times during the day but is able to sleep all night w/o the need to urinate How is this explained?
Hypothalamus secretes ↑ADH during sleep (↑ADH prevents urination)
26
A person has had diarrhea for two days Body potassium level is only 25% of normal value Why is potassium level so low?
- Body has lost fluid & w/ this fluid, has lost potassium | - Patient must be given potassium immediately or the heart may develop arrhythmias (stop efficient pumping)
27
A patient has been unable to eat anything following surgery The physician has ordered an IV of D5W Why was this done?
- Fluid in the D5W will replace fluid that will naturally be lost due to not eating - Dextrose (glucose) will provide an energy source for the body
28
Dr. Feelgood has told a patient that they need to flush the toxins & poisons out of their body The patient has been given an IV of distilled water twice a week What are the risks to the patient w/ this treatment?
- Distilled water is hypotonic to cells - Red blood cells will lyse & release hemoglobin, creating a burden on the liver to cleanse the blood - ↓Red blood cell count could make the patient anemic
29
A patient has had severe head trauma & there is swelling around the brain The physician has ordered an IV of 20% glucose (D20W) Why was this done?
20% Glucose is hypertonic | It will attract fluid from the brain into the blood, reducing the swelling around the brain
30
A patient has a history of hypertension The physician has placed the patient on a ↓sodium diet What is the reason for the ↓sodium diet?
- Salt makes the blood hypertonic - Fluid will move by osmosis into the blood - ↑Blood volume → ↑blood pressure - Sodium ↑BP in ⅓ of patients (sodium sensitivity)
31
What is blood pH and its range
Blood pH = 7.40 (7.35 - 7.45)
32
What is blood pH regulated by?
Kidneys, Lungs, Blood Buffers
33
Response to acidosis:
Kidneys Secrete H+ and Reabsorb HCO3–
34
Response to alkalosis:
Kidneys Reabsorb H+ and Secrete HCO3–
35
What does the kidney secrete if the pH is too low?
Secrete hydrogen ions & reabsorb bicarbonate ions
36
What does the kidney reabsorb if the pH is too high?
Reabsorb hydrogen ions & secrete bicarbonate ions
37
Brethe FASTER or SLOWER to get rid of excess carbon dioxide if ↓pH ?
FASTER | -Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood
38
Breath FASTER or SLOWER to retain carbon dioxide if ↑pH?
SLOWER | -Carbon dioxide combines w/ water to form carbonic acid in the blood
39
Equation of Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbonic Acid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–
40
Breathing _______ will retain CO2 & pH will _______ (↑acidity & ↑H+)
slower, decrease | ↑Carbon Dioxide → ↑Acidity → ↓pH
41
Breathing ______ will eliminate more CO2 & pH will ______ (↓acidity & ↓H+)
faster,increase | ↓Carbon Dioxide → ↓Acidity → ↑pH
42
If blood pH decreases to 7.3 how does the body compensate?
- Breath faster to get rid of carbon dioxide, ↓acidity | - Hyperventilation
43
If blood pH increases to 7.5 how does the body compensate?
- Breath slower to retain more carbon dioxide, ↑acidity | - Hypoventilation
44
A patient takes narcotics for pain which have decreased breathing rate…what happens to blood pH?
pH will decrease because carbon dioxide is retained, which will ↑blood acidity & ↑H+
45
A person takes caffeine for energy which has increased breathing rate…what happens to blood pH?
pH will increase because carbon dioxide is not retained, which will ↓blood acidity & ↓H+
46
Definition of Buffers
- Buffers resist changes in pH | - Prevent excessive pH changes in the body if an acid or base is added to the body
47
Definition of Strong Acid
- Acid that releases many hydrogen ions - Hydrochloric acid - HCl → H+ + Cl–
48
Defintion of Weak acid
- Acid that releases few hydrogen ions - Carbonic acid - H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3–
49
Buffers change ______ acids to ______ acids: strong acid + buffer → weak acid + salt
strong, weak | HCl (strong acid) + NaHCO3 (buffer) ---> H2CO3 (weak acid) + NaCl (salt)
50
Bicarbonate Ion:Carbonic Acid Ratio
20:1 = pH 7.4 21:1 = pH more than 7.4 19:1 = pH less than 7.4 NOTE: THESE ARE RATIOS
51
Define & give the cause of Acidosis
- pH falls below 7.35 - ↓Nervous system function - Coma - Acidotic shock
52
Define & give the cause of Alkalosis
- pH climbs above 7.45 - ↑Nervous system function - Convulsions - Alkalotic shock
53
Define & give the cause of Respiratory Acidosis
- Decrease in respiratory rate (hypoventilation) - ↑Carbon dioxide in the blood - ↑Carbon dioxide level → ↓pH
54
Define & give the cause of Respiratory Alkalosis
- Increase in respiratory rate (hyperventilation) - ↓Carbon dioxide in the blood - ↓Carbon dioxide level → ↑pH
55
Define & give the cause of Metabolic Acidosis
- NOT caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance - ↑Acid (↑H+) in blood: * Renal disease (unable to secrete H+) * Diabetes mellitus, ↑fat diet, starvation, ↑ketones (ketosis → ketoacidosis) - ↓Bicarbonates in blood - ↑Hydrogen ions in blood - ↑Acids in food - ↓Bases in food - Diarrhea
56
Define & give the cause of Metabolic Alkalosis
- NOT caused by breathing or a carbon dioxide imbalance - ↓Acid (↓H+) in blood: * Vomiting * Diuretics - ↑Bicarbonate in blood - ↑Sodium bicarbonate ingestion - ↑Bases in food - ↓Acids in food
57
Name the 4 ECF ions
↑Na+ (Sodium),↑Cl– ( Chloride),↑Ca+2 (Calcium), ↑HCO3– (Bicarbonate)
58
Name the 4 ICF Ions
↑K+ (Potassium), ↑Mg+2 (Magnesium), ↑SO4–2 (sulfate), ↑HPO4–2 (phosphate)
59
Sodium Functions
- Attracts water to the ECF - Nerve impulses - Muscle contractions
60
Hypernatremia:
- ↑Sodium in the blood - Hypertension - Muscle twitching - Mental confusion - Coma
61
Hyponatremia:
- ↓Sodium in the blood - Hypotension - Tachycardia - Muscle weakness
62
Potassium Functions
- Attracts water into the ICF - Nerve impulses - Muscle contractions
63
Hyperkalemia:
- ↑Potassium in the blood - Cardiac arrhythmias - Cardiac arrest - Elevated T-wave (ECG) - Muscle weakness
64
Hypokalemia:
- ↓Potassium in the blood - Cardiac arrhythmias - Cardiac arrest - Depressed T-wave (ECG) - Muscle weakness
65
Calcium Functions
- Bones & teeth - Blood clotting - Nerve impulses - Muscle contraction
66
Hypercalcemia:
- ↑Calcium in the blood - Renal calculi (kidney stones) - Cardiac arrhythmias
67
Hypocalcemia:
- ↓Calcium in the blood - Muscle tetany - Weak cardiac muscle contractions - ↑Clotting time
68
Aldosteronism:
- ↑Aldosterone production - ↑Blood sodium levels - ↓Blood potassium levels - Hypertension
69
Addison’s Disease
- Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex - ↓Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - ↓Cortisol (glucocorticoid) * Cortisol converts protein → glucose) - Hypotension (↓sodium) - Hypoglycemia (↓glucocorticoids)
70
Cushing’s Disease
- ↑Glucocorticoids - Adrenal gland tumor - Side effect of cortisol - Hyperglycemia - Abdominal fat accumulation - Posterior neck hump
71
True or false: Addison is similar to Cushing's Disease.
FALSE! They are basically opposites! (check powerpoint on slide 93)
72
↑Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in a hypertonic interstitial fluid
↑ADH goes in collecting duct, ↑H2O comes out, and ↓Urine output
73
↓Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in a Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid :
↓ADH goes into the collecting duct, ↓H2O comes out, and ↑Urine output
74
Cause of Diabetes Insipidus
- ↓ADH secretion | - ↓ADH receptors (at kidneys)
75
Effect of Diabetes Insipidus
- ↑Urination | - Dehydration

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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