Upper respiratory tract AHS1

Question 1

What supports the nostrils?

Answer 1

Alar cartilage (elastic)

Question 2

What is the name of the splanchnic bone in the pigs nose?

Answer 2

Os rostrale

Question 3

What is the line called that goes between the nostrils and what animals is it in?

Answer 3

Philtrum (not the septum)

Carnivores

Question 4

What is the name of the plate on an cows nose?

Answer 4

Nasolabial plate

Joins to the lip

Question 5

What is the name of the scrolls of bone in the nose?

Answer 5

Conchae

Question 6

What is the name of the specialised conchae nearest to the brain? What do they do?

Answer 6

Ethmoconchae

Olfaction - smell

Question 7

What is the name of the passages through the conchae?

Answer 7

Meatuses

Question 8

What are the 4 meatuses?

Answer 8

Common
Dorsal
Middle
Ventral

Question 9

Where is the common meatus found?

Answer 9

Nearest to the cartilaginous septum

Question 10

Where does the dorsal meatus lead? What does it do?

Answer 10

Leads to the frontal sinus (except in horses)

Allows the fontal sinus to drain into the nasal cavity

Question 11

Where does the middle meatus lead?

Answer 11

To the ethmoconchae

Question 12

Where does the ventral meatus lead?

Answer 12

To the nasopharynx

Question 13

What is important about the ventral meatus in horses?

Answer 13

Must pass the stomach tube through the ventral meatus or will come to a dead end

Question 14

What are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 14

Air filled spaces in the skull bone (pneumatic)

Question 15

Which are the two most important paranasal sinuses?

Answer 15

The frontal sinus and the maxillary sinus

Question 16

What are the species differences in the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 16

Dogs - poorly developed

Horses - extensive

Question 17

What is the main structure of the sinuses in the horse?

Answer 17

Large frontal sinus

Maxillary sinus is split into rostral and caudal parts

Question 18

What does the frontal sinus drain through in a horse?

Answer 18

The naso-maxillary opening into the maxillary sinuses

Question 19

What is bad about the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 19

Close proximity to teeth so susceptible to infection

Poor drainage

Question 20

What is the pharynx divided into and what divides it?

Answer 20

Naso and oro pharynx and the soft palette

Question 21

What does the hyoid apparatus do?

Answer 21

Supports the larynx and tongue from the skull

Question 22

How can the bones of the hyoid apparatus be remembered?

Answer 22

The Sick Elephant Can Be Treated

Question 23

What are the 6 parts of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 23

Tympanohyoid
Stylohyoid
Epihyoid
Ceratohyoid
Basihyoid
Thyrohyoid

Question 24

Which part of the hyoid apparatus is cartilage?

Answer 24

Tympanohyoid

Question 25

Where does the hyoid apparatus join to the skull?

Answer 25

The Tympanohyoid cartilage articulates with the mastoid process

Question 26

What is different about the basihyoid bone?

Answer 26

The only unpaired one | The lingual process comes off it in large animals to help support the tongue

Question 27

Where does the thyrohyoid bone articulate?

Answer 27

With the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 28

What are the 4 main pieces of cartilage that form the larynx?

Answer 28

Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

Question 29

What is the epiglottis made of?

Answer 29

Elastic cartilage

Question 30

Where is the epiglottis found?

Answer 30

Most rostral part of the larynx

Question 31

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 31

It covers the entrance to the larynx when swallowing

Question 32

What is different about the epiglottis in horses?

Answer 32

It is retrovelar - behind the soft palette | This is why horses are obligate nasal breathers (cant breathe through their mouth)

Question 33

What is the structure of the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 33

Made up of two sheets called lamina that are fused ventrally to form a U shape

Question 34

What does the thyroid apparatus articulate with?

Answer 34

Dorsocranially (front) - thyrohyoid bone | Dorsocaudally (back) - cricoid cartilage

Question 35

What is the structure of the arytenoid cartilage?

Answer 35

2 paired parts which are an irregular shape with many processes

Question 36

Where does the arytenoid cartilage articulate?

Answer 36

With the cricoid cartilage on the medial surface | Look perpendicular to the larynx

Question 37

What is the arytenoid cartilages function?

Answer 37

To open and close the glottis (airway) | To attach to the vocal ligament

Question 38

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 38

Signet ring shaped - broader dorsally (at top) than it is ventrally

Question 39

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

Answer 39

Articulates with both the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages Articulates caudally with the trachea

Question 40

What is the main intrinsic laryngeal muscle?

Answer 40

Dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle

Question 41

What does the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle attach to?

Answer 41

From the dorsal surface of the cricoid to the arytenoid cartilage

Question 42

What is the function of the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle?

Answer 42

Abducts the vocal ligaments to enlarge the glottis by rotating the arytenoid cartilage

Question 43

What are the laryngeal muscles innervated by?

Answer 43

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 44

What is laryngeal hemiplegia?

Answer 44

Where damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve paralyses the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle which impedes air flow

Question 45

What is the name of the muscle that bridges the gap in the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?

Answer 45

The trachealis muscle

Question 46

In carnivores which side does the trachealis muscle attach?

Answer 46

On the outside

Question 47

What is the guttural pouch?

Answer 47

Only in horses | It connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Question 48

What is the guttural pouch susceptible to?

Answer 48

Mycotic (fungal) infections | Important because lots of important nerves and blood vessels pass through it